【正文】 介 詞(一) 正誤辨析［誤］ We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.［正］ We got to the top of the mountain at day break.［析］ at用于具體時(shí)刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。［誤］ Don39。t sleep at daytime［正］ Don39。t sleep in daytime.［析］ in 要用于較長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。［誤］ We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.［正］ We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.［析］ in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)中加入任何修飾詞其前面的介詞都要改為on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th［誤］ He became a writter at his twenties［正］ He became a writter in his twenties［析］ 這句話應(yīng)譯為：他在20多歲時(shí)就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時(shí)間段中要用介詞in來(lái)表示，而在具體歲數(shù)時(shí)用at來(lái)表示。［誤］ He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.［正］ He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.［析］ 在具體年歲前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。［誤］ We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.［正］ We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.［析］ 具體某一天要用介詞on, 又如：on New Year39。s Day［誤］ I39。m looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.［正］ I39。m looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.［析］ 在節(jié)日的當(dāng)天用on，而全部節(jié)日期間用at,Christmas是圣誕節(jié)期間，一般要有兩周或更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。［誤］ I haven39。t see you during the summer holidays.［正］ I haven39。t seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.［析］ during表示在某一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)，所以一般不與完成時(shí)搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段時(shí)間，可以用于完成時(shí)，如：I haven39。t see you for a long time. 而through 用來(lái)表示時(shí)間時(shí)則為整整，全部的時(shí)間。如：It rained through the ，一般要與完成時(shí)連用。［誤］ At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.［正］ On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.［析］ On 加動(dòng)名詞表示一……就。本句的譯文應(yīng)是：我一進(jìn)入教室就聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這個(gè)好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一聽(tīng)見(jiàn)， on arrival 一到達(dá)就……(on表示動(dòng)作的名詞)［誤］ In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.［正］ At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.［析］ at the begining與at the end都是指某事物的開(kāi)始與結(jié)束部分，均不指時(shí)間范圍，而in the beginning 則是指開(kāi)始一段時(shí)間。in the end＝at last是指最終，終于之意。1［誤］ Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.［正］ By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.［析］ by 引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示了動(dòng)作的截止點(diǎn)，其意思為不遲于某一時(shí)刻將工作做完，所以主句一般是完成時(shí)態(tài)。當(dāng)然可以有將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，如：I39。ll be there by five o39。，但句中的動(dòng)詞一定要用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而瞬間的截止性動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用其否定句式，如：I won39。t finish this work till(until) next weekend.1［誤］ He came to London before last weekend.［正］ He had e to London before last weekend.［正］ He came to London two weeks ago.［析］ before 一般要與完成時(shí)連用，而ago則與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。1［誤］ I have studied English for three years gince I had e here.［正］ I have studied English for three years since I came here.［析］ since用來(lái)表達(dá)主句動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始時(shí)間，所以其引出的從句中應(yīng)為過(guò)去時(shí)，而不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)1［誤］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.［正］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.［析］ 中文經(jīng)常講兩小時(shí)之后來(lái)取，兩天內(nèi)會(huì)修好，而這個(gè)介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after 多用于過(guò)去時(shí)，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加時(shí)間是表達(dá)一個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間范圍，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時(shí)間內(nèi)會(huì)完成某事時(shí)，一定要用介詞in。1［誤］ Three days after he died.［正］ After three days he died.［正］ Three days later he died.［析］ after 與 later都可以用來(lái)表達(dá)一段時(shí)間之后，但它們所處的位置不同，after 在時(shí)間詞前，而later在時(shí)間詞后。1［誤］ She hid herself after the tree.［正］ She hid herself behind the tree.［析］ after多用來(lái)表達(dá)某動(dòng)作之后，所以有的語(yǔ)法書(shū)中稱它為動(dòng)態(tài)介詞，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind則多用于靜態(tài)事物之后。1［誤］ There is a beautiful bird on the tree.［正］ There is a beautiful bird in the tree.［析］ 樹(shù)上長(zhǎng)出的果實(shí)，樹(shù)葉要用on, 而其他外來(lái)的人、物體均要用in the tree.1［誤］ Shanghai is on the east of China.［正］ Shanghai is in the east of China.［析］ 在表達(dá)地理位置時(shí)有3個(gè)介詞：in, on, to。 in表示在某范圍之內(nèi)。 on表示與某地區(qū)接壤；to則表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China. 1［誤］ I arrived at New York on July 2nd.［正］ I arrived in New York on July 2nd.［析］ at用來(lái)表達(dá)較小的地方，而in用來(lái)表達(dá)較大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。［誤］ He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.［正］ He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.［析］ 在門(mén)牌號(hào)碼前要用at, 并要注意它的慣用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。2［誤］ There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.［正］ There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.［析］ 在屋內(nèi)的角落應(yīng)用in，而墻的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.2［誤］ This weekend I39。ll stay in Uncle Wang39。s.［正］ This weekend I39。ll stay at Uncle Wang39。s.［析］ 要注意英文的特殊表達(dá)法，如：at a tailor39。s shop (裁縫店)＝at a tailor39。s, at the doctor39。s (去看病) at the bookseller39。s (在書(shū)店) at uncle Wang39。s (在王叔叔家)2［誤］ Do you know there is some good news on today39。s newspaper?［正］ Do you know there is some good news in today39。s newspaper?［析］ 在報(bào)紙上的新聞要用in, 而在具體某一版上，或某一頁(yè)上則要用on。2［誤］ The school will begin on September 1st.［正］ School will begin on September 1st.［析］ 這里的school應(yīng)看作不可數(shù)名詞泛指學(xué)校的課程，即開(kāi)學(xué)之意。要注意，有些活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所當(dāng)表達(dá)正在從事該種活動(dòng)時(shí)不要加冠詞，如：at table (吃飯)， When I came to Tom39。s home, they were at table. 還有： at desk (學(xué)習(xí))，at work (工作) at school (上學(xué))， in hospital (住醫(yī)院) at church 作禮拜如加上定冠詞則另有他意，如：at the school 即在學(xué)校工作或辦事，in the hospital 即在醫(yī)院工作或去看望病人。2［誤］ In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.［正］ On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.［析］ 譯文為：在去車(chē)站的路上我買(mǎi)了份報(bào)紙，為的是消磨時(shí)光在……的路上應(yīng)用on one39。s way…。而 in the way 有擋道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。2［誤］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into.［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.［析］ in是表達(dá)一個(gè)靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，在與break連用時(shí)其后不加介詞賓語(yǔ)，而into則是動(dòng)態(tài)介詞，與break連用時(shí)要加介詞賓語(yǔ)。2［誤］ I39。ll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.［正］ I39。ll leave Beijing for Shanghai.［正］ I39。ll leave for Shanghai.［析］ leave for 是離開(kāi)某地去某處的固定搭配，不可將for改為別的介詞。這樣的搭配還有：start for 動(dòng)身前往某處，set out for， sail for。2［誤］ I39。m sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.［正］ I39。m sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.［析］ get in, 與 get out是兩個(gè)相反的詞組。get in 為上車(chē)，而get out為下車(chē)，但語(yǔ)法家認(rèn)為這里的in與out為副詞，所以其后不能接名詞，我們可以講We39。d better get in. 或We39。d better get out. 還有一組詞組有關(guān)上下車(chē)：get on／off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into／out of (a car, taxi…)2［誤］ Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.［正］ Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.［析］ over 與 above 在作為比某物高的意思時(shí)有時(shí)可以互換。但在垂直方向上的高矮時(shí)，.［誤］ There is an old stone bridge above the river.［正］ There is an old stone bridge over the river.［析］ over還有一意為跨越，橫跨。3［誤］ The Dead Sea is under the sea level.［正］ The Dead Sea is below the sea level.［析］ ，over與under也是反意詞。3［誤］ There is a big tree in the front of the house.［正］ There is a big tree in front of the house. ［析］ in front of 是在物體外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物體內(nèi)部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.3［誤］ It took them two days to walk across the forest.［正］ It took them two days to walk through the forest.［析］ across 作為介詞有兩個(gè)主要意思：① 橫過(guò)，如：I want to walk across the street.② 對(duì)面，如：There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三維空間中的穿越。across則多用于平面上的橫過(guò)。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.3［誤］ The sun sets toward the west.［正］ The sun sets in the west.［析］ towards也可用作toward，它主要表達(dá)朝向某方向運(yùn)動(dòng)，但不一定到達(dá)，如：He ran toward(s) the , west, north, south 時(shí)，其前面要用in。要注意的是這4個(gè)詞可以用作副詞，如：I went south. 也可用作名詞，如：I went to the ，如：I went to the south part of China.3［誤］ Do you have no other clothes except those?［正］ Do you have no other clothes besides those?［析］ beside 是在……旁邊，如：The students stood beside their 除……之外，不僅……而且……，除了……以外還有……， 如：I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 則是從同一類物體中去掉某一部分，如：I e here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同種類的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that則要加從句。3［誤］ Can I write the exam paper with ink?［正］ Can I write