[經(jīng)濟學]發(fā)展經(jīng)濟學(3)(已修改)
2025-01-31 16:20 本頁面
【正文】 Theories of Development: A Comparative Analysis Chapter 3 Leading Theories of Economic Development: Five Approaches ? Classical Scenario 古典經(jīng)濟增長理論 ? Linearstagesofgrowth model 線性增長模型 ? Neoclassical models 新古典增長模型 ? Endogenous growth 內(nèi)生經(jīng)濟增長模型 亞當 斯密與報酬遞增 ? 產(chǎn)出、生活水平提高 → 資本積累 → 利潤的儲蓄→ 工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的專業(yè)化勞動分工 ? 勞動分工決定了勞動生產(chǎn)率。 勞動分工提高勞動生產(chǎn)率有三種途徑： 工人工作技能的提升，即邊干邊學。 分工的細化節(jié)省了在不同工作間轉(zhuǎn)移的時間。 機器的發(fā)明使同一個勞動者可以從事多種工作。 ? 勞動分工受到市場規(guī)模的限制。 如機器的使用只有在市場規(guī)模較大情況下才有經(jīng)濟性，否則就會出現(xiàn)剩余產(chǎn)品。 自由貿(mào)易對市場規(guī)模的擴大有著積極的意義。 ? 斯密的報酬遞增觀點是新內(nèi)生經(jīng)濟增長理論的核心思想 古典悲觀主義 TP* TP O W subsistence wage line P E2 W2 W1 E1 N1 N2 Labor Total production Original condition: Labor: ON1 Production: OP Wage:N1W1 Surplus:E1W1 Demand for labor increase Wages increase to E1N1N1W1 According to Malthusian theory of population, population will increase to ON2。 Surplus appear again E2W2 Equilibrium point: E Technology development: E*, the day of doom can not be eliminated E E* Limitations of the classical model ? The role of technology development has been grossly underestimated ? The Malthusian theory of population growth has been proved to be misleading: whenever wages are above level of subsistence, population will increase?? ? Too aggregated and did not account for the diversities with labor and capital input The LinearStages Theory ? Rostow’s stages of growth ? The HarrodDomar growth model ? Obstacles and constraints ? Some criticisms of the stages model Rostow’s stages of growth ? The Transition from underdevelopment to development can be descried in terms of a series of steps or stages through which all countries must proceed ? the traditional society ? the preconditions for takeoff into selfsustaining growth ? the takeoff ? the drive to maturity ? the age of high massconsumption ? 三種不同的增長率： 實際增長率 g。 有保證的增長率 gw。 自然增長率 gn ? 實際增長率 The HarrodDomar Model 增量資本產(chǎn)出比率儲蓄率 //)//()/(/I/ Δ/Δ K / ΔYcYSscsYIYSYYg????????)( 潛在投資供給）計劃儲蓄 sYS ?KI ?? 投資需求() () YvK ???() IS ? 動態(tài)均衡 () v: capitaloutput ratio。 S: saving ratio。 S: total saving。 Y: total output。 K: capital stock。 I: to
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