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31 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 169。 20xx by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forecasting 第2講 需求預(yù)測 32 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 169。 20xx by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forecasting 預(yù)測 : ? 是關(guān)于未來的描述 ? 預(yù)測用于幫助管理人員 – 系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃:產(chǎn)品服務(wù)的類型、設(shè)施配置、 廠址選擇 – 實(shí)施計(jì)劃:庫存、勞動力、采購、生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度 33 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 169。 20xx by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forecasting 會計(jì) 成本 /利潤估計(jì) 財(cái)務(wù) 現(xiàn)金流量 人力資源 招工 /招聘 /培訓(xùn) 營銷 價(jià)格 , 促銷 , 戰(zhàn)略 管理信息系統(tǒng) 服務(wù) 運(yùn)作 調(diào)度 , MRP, 工作負(fù)荷 產(chǎn)品 /服務(wù)設(shè)計(jì) 新產(chǎn)品和服務(wù) 預(yù)測的用途 34 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 169。 20xx by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forecasting ? 假定系統(tǒng)中存在因果關(guān)系 過去 == 未來 ? 由于不確定性因素的存在使得預(yù)測很少準(zhǔn)確無誤 ? 對一組事物的預(yù)測比 對單個事物預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確 ? 當(dāng)預(yù)測時(shí)間跨度增加時(shí), 預(yù)測精度將下降 我看這學(xué)期你 能得優(yōu)秀成績。 35 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 169。 20xx by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forecasting 好的預(yù)測方法的基本要素 適時(shí) 精度 可靠 書面 36 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 169。 20xx by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forecasting 預(yù)測進(jìn)行的步驟 步驟 1 確定預(yù)測目的 步驟 2 確定預(yù)測時(shí)間跨度 步驟 3 選擇預(yù)測技術(shù) 步驟 4 收集和分析數(shù)據(jù) 步驟 5 準(zhǔn)備預(yù)測 步驟 6 預(yù)測監(jiān)控 “預(yù)測 ” 37 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 169。 20xx by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forecasting 預(yù)測的類型 ? 主觀判斷 – 主觀意見 ? 時(shí)間序列 – 使用歷史數(shù)據(jù),認(rèn)為將來和過去相似 ? 聯(lián)合模型 – 基于自變量預(yù)測未來 38 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 169。 20xx by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forecasting 主觀預(yù)測 ? 經(jīng)理人員的意見 ? 與顧客直接接觸人員的意見 ? 消費(fèi)者調(diào)查 ? 其它預(yù)測方法 –德爾非法 Delphi method 39 McGrawHill/Irwin Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyrig