第九章：抗生素的生產(chǎn)(已修改)
2024-10-27 12:44 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 第九章：抗生素的生產(chǎn) 王雪青 抗生素的生產(chǎn) 概述 抗生素的分類 抗生素的應(yīng)用 半合成抗生素 青霉素的生產(chǎn)和提取工藝 抗生素的生產(chǎn) 定義：是生物在其生命過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的，并在低濃度下有選擇性地抑制或殺滅其它微生物或腫瘤細(xì)胞的有機(jī)物質(zhì)。 Microbial Products,effective at low concentrations,which have the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of certain microanisms. History: 19世紀(jì) 70年代，法國(guó) Pasteur,發(fā)現(xiàn)有些微生物可以抑制炭疽桿菌，提出了利用微生物抑制另一種微生物的現(xiàn)象來(lái)治療一些感染性疾病。 1928年， 概述 In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming reported the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium species He observed that Penicillium notatum killed some of his Staph. aureus culture dishes Discovery by accident? Culture dishes contaminated when left out for two weeks while Fleming was on holiday, instead of being incubated Fleming noticed that the substance secreted was an inhibitor of many bacterial species He published a paper on the active ingredient which he called ‘penicillin’. This was the first demonstration that a substance produced by micro’s could inhibit or kill other microbes Fleming could not isolate penicillin. 10 yrs later scientists Florey and Chain successfully isolated penicillin. 19431945， scaleup production of pencillium. By 1945,enough penicillin was produced to treat 7 million per year. Discoverer of penicillin Born into a farming family in Scotland, moved to London at 13 Awarded Scholarship to study medicine Alexander Fleming Zone of Inhibition This picture illustrates the effect of penicillin on a fungus. Note the clear ring of inhibition. It was this observation which initiated Fleming’s further studies. Howard Florey Australianborn Studied Science amp。 Medicine in Adelaide Awarded Scholarship at Oxford University Returned to England to plete a PhD Ernst Chain Of Russian German descent Graduated in Chemistry and Physiology Left Berlin when Nazi’s came to power Hired by Florey to work on penicillin project 到目前為止，有 8000多種抗生素， 2/3是由放線菌（ strepomyces） 產(chǎn)生的，并通過(guò)化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的改造，總共有 3萬(wàn)多種半合成抗生素，它們的分子量為 1001200，普遍應(yīng)用的包括半合成和鹽類的抗生素有 350多種，其中以青霉素、頭孢霉素、四環(huán)素類、氨基糖苷類和大環(huán)內(nèi)脂類 主要抗生素的使用量（ Harvey, 1998) 抗生素種類 用量 (kg/year) 動(dòng)物 1996 人類1997/1998 頭孢類 四環(huán)類
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