【正文】 關于承運人船舶適航義務的研究 I 摘 要 作為國內外法學界與航海界關注的焦點之一， 船舶適航歷來是海上貨物運輸承運人的一項基本首要義務。 本文以承運人船舶適航義務為研究對象，對其 進行全面、系統(tǒng)而又深入的探討， 同時歸納出 適航義務 未來的發(fā)展趨勢，以期對我國的海運實踐起到借鑒作用 。全文共分五部分： 第一章 為概述。 從航運界和學術界對船舶適航性的理解入手，簡要說明 了 本文的研究意義與目標 ， 承運人船舶適航義務 的國內外研究現(xiàn)狀 以及本文的研究方法與技術路線。 第二章 主要探討 船舶適航 的 判定標準。 筆者 從 事實意義的角度分析了適航義務， 包括 船舶本身、船員、船舶載貨處所 等方面 有關 船舶適航的要求 ，然后對 謹慎處理 下的適航義務 進行 認真研究 。 第三章 著力 研究 承運人船舶適航義務的時間問題 。 對船舶 “開航前”與“開航當時”進行了 界定 。 此外，還對國際間“航段適航主義”與“預定航程主義”作出比較，明確了其中的差異和各自的利弊。 第四章 為 承運人船舶適航責任 分析 。 在適航的舉證上，承運人的證明力要比貨方強，才能解除其對由于船舶不適航所造成船貨損害的賠償責任，對于謹慎處理使船舶適航的舉證責任，則完全應由承運人承擔。在責任限制上， 船舶不適航并不必然導致船東喪失責任限制，除非不適航是由于船東的故意行為 或重大過失所造成。 在共同海損方面， 若船舶不適航， 發(fā)生共同海損 船東將難以獲得共同海損分攤金額。 第五章 為承運人船舶適航義務的發(fā)展趨勢及我國的應對措施。 筆者 通過對近年來對適航 影響最大的 ISM 規(guī)則 、 ISPS 規(guī)則和《鹿特丹規(guī)則》的討論，詳細分析了適航在近年來所發(fā)生的變化，從而歸納出 承運人船舶適航義務 有復雜化、繁重化 的發(fā)展趨勢 。 最后，在 論文的結尾處筆者就其所學知識為中國作為一個航運大國適應這樣的趨勢所應采取的措施提出了自己的兩點建議。 關鍵詞： 適航標準 ，謹慎處理 ， 適航時間， 適航責任 關于承運人船舶適航義務的研究 II ABSTRACT As a focus of international maritime law society and transporting circle, the seaworthiness of vessel has always been a basic and paramount obligation of carriers who engage in carriage of goods by sea. The paper takes seaworthiness obligation of carriers as the subject, and analyzes it thoroughly, systematically and intensively. Meanwhile, the paper concludes the development trend of seaworthiness obligation in the future, so that the marine transportation practice in our state can learn experiences from it. The whole paper falls into five chapters: The first chapter is an overview. Based on the mon views of seaworthiness in the international shipping circle and academic circle, the writer introduces the research objective and the research method of this paper, and the present research situation of seaworthiness obligation of carriers. The second chapter studies the judging standard of seaworthiness. The writer analyzes the factual seaworthiness, concluding seaworthiness requirements on the aspects of hull seaworthiness, seaman seaworthiness and the seaworthiness of cargo places on board ships. And then, the writer studies the seaworthiness obligation of due diligence. The third chapter studies on the period of seaworthiness obligation. The writer analyzes the definition of “before and at the beginning of the voyage”, In addition, the parisons between “doctrine of seaworthiness by stage” and “doctrine of whole stage” are drawn out, so that the differences among them and their respective pros and cons can be clear. Chapter four is about seaworthiness liability of carriers. Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness, the burden of proving the evidences of due diligence shall be on the carrier. It is not inevitable that shipowners lost the right to limit his liability even the vessel is unseaworthiness. If the vessel is unseaworthiness, shipowners may be difficult to join in the contribution to general average. Chapter five is about the trend of seaworthiness obligation and the responses of our state. The writer discusses the ISM code, ISPS code and the United Nations Convention on the Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, which impact the seaworthiness greatly in recent years, describes the change in seaworthiness, and summarizes the trend of seaworthiness, which represents the tendency that seaworthiness liability of carriers is being more plex and more onerous. At the end of the paper the writer proposes two suggestions on China’s measure of dealing with the new trend of seaworthiness. 關于承運人船舶適航義務的研究 III Wang Mengyang (International Law) Directed by Prof. Jiang Zhengxiong KEYWORDS: standard of seaworthiness, due diligence, period of seaworthiness, liability of seaworthiness 關于承運人船舶適航義務的研究 1 目 錄 前 言 ................................................................................................................................... 1 第一章 概 述 ................................................................................................................... 2 第一節(jié) 研究意義與目的 ............................................................................................ 2 一、承運人船舶適航義務的研究意義 ................................................................. 2 二、承運人船舶適航義務的研究目的 ................................................................. 2 第二節(jié) 國內外研究現(xiàn)狀 ............................................................................................ 3 一、承運人船舶 適航義務的國外研究現(xiàn)狀 ......................................................... 3 二、承運人船舶適航義務的國內研究現(xiàn)狀 ......................................................... 4 第三節(jié) 研究方法與技術路線 .................................................................................... 4 第二章 船舶適航的判定 標準 ........................................................................................... 6 第一節(jié) 事實意義上的適航義務 ................................................................................ 6 一、船上各種有效證書是船舶適航的初步證據(jù) ................................................. 7 二、對船舶本身的要求 ......................................................................................... 7 三、對船員的要求 ................................................................................................. 8 四、對船舶載貨處所的要求 ................................................................................. 8 第二節(jié) 謹慎處理下的適航義務 ................................................................................ 9 一、“謹慎處理”標準之界定 ............................................................................... 9 二、“潛在缺陷”是“謹慎處理”義務的補充 ................................................. 10 三、“謹慎處理”義務的不可委托性 ................................................................. 11 第三節(jié) 我國《海商法》及《漢堡規(guī)則》下的適航 .............................................. 13 一、我國《海商法》下的適航 ........................................................................... 13 二、《漢堡規(guī)