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1 2 技術( Technologies) 什么叫技術? 技術是投入轉換為產出的過程 例如:上課可以使用勞動力、電腦、投影儀、電腦軟件等投入。 通常,可以有多種技術用于生產同樣的產品: 黑板加粉筆可以替代電腦加投影儀用于上課。 哪一種技術“最佳”? 如何比較不同的技術? 2 3 3 Production Functions y denotes the output level. The technology’s production function states the maximum amount of output possible from an input bundle. y f x x n? ( , , )1 ?4 4 Production Functions One input, one output y = f(x) x1 Input Level x Output Level y1 y1 = f(x1) is the maximal output level obtainable from x1 input units. 5 5 Technologies with Multiple Inputs Suppose the production function is 1 / 3 1 / 31 2 1 2( , ) 2y f x x x x???(x1, x2) = (1, 8) ?(x1,x2) = (8,8) 1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3122 2 1 8 2 1 2 4y x x? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3122 2 8 8 2 2 2 8y x x? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?6 6 Technologies with Multiple Inputs Output, y x1 x2 (8,1) (8,8) 7 7 Isoquants with Two Variable Inputs y ????y ????x1 x2 8 8 用產量面表示生產函數(shù) L O K TP K1 L1 L2 K2 A A’ B B’ C C’ D D’ Q1 Q2 E1 F1 G1 E2 F2 G2 E1’ E2’ G1’ G2’ 9 9 Isoquants with Two Variable Inputs Output, y x1 x2 y ????y ????10 10 CobbDouglas Technologies A CobbDouglas production function is of the form 1212naaany A x x x? ? ?1 / 3 1 / 312y x x?12112 , 1 ,33n A a a n d a? ? ? ?11 11 FixedProportions Technologies A fixedproportions production function is of the form 1 1 2 2m i n { , , , }nny a x a x a x?y x x? m i n { , }1 22n a a n d a? ? ?2 1 21 2, .12 12 FixedProportions Technologies x2 x1 min{x1,2x2} = 14 4 8 14 2 4 7 min{x1,2x2} = 8 min{x1,2x2} = 4 x1 = 2x2 y x x? m i n { , }1 2213 13 PerfectSubstitutes Technologies A perfectsubstitutes production function is of the form y a x a x a xn n? ? ?