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高考語法專項(xiàng)__非謂語動(dòng)詞(已修改)

2024-09-08 10:17 本頁面
 

【正文】 1 高考語法專項(xiàng) 非謂語動(dòng)詞 一、 概念:在句中不能單獨(dú)做謂語,但同時(shí)仍保留動(dòng)詞某些特征的動(dòng)詞形式。他們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但可以有自己的賓語 ,也有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。 不定式( to do) 動(dòng)名詞 (doing) 否定形式: 二 、 分類: 現(xiàn)在分詞 (doing) 直接在非謂語動(dòng)詞前加 not 分詞 過去分詞 (done) 非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中所作的成分功能: 1. 不定式相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞或副詞的功能。2. 動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的功能。3. 分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞或副詞的功能。成 分動(dòng)詞形式主語賓語表語定語狀語補(bǔ)語不定式動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞√ √ √ √ √ √√ √ √ √√ √ √ √√ √ √ √ ? 不定式 1.常用形式:一般主動(dòng)式 to do, 一般被動(dòng)式 to be done 完成主動(dòng)式 to have done, 完成被動(dòng)式 to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 2.語法功能:可作主語、表語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語和狀語(即除謂語之外的各種成分)。 例如: 1)主語: To master a foreign language is very important. 2)表語: My job is to drive them to the pany every day. 3)賓語: Do you want to visit the Great Wall? Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 4) 賓補(bǔ): The teacher advised us to have a rest first. I didn’t notice them e in. ? 注: see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let 等動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng) 詞不定式不帶 to, 但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)以后(即不定式作主補(bǔ)時(shí))要帶 to, 其中 let sb. do sth. 變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)式為 sb. is let do sth. help(幫助)后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式可帶 to,也可不帶 to. 即 help sb.(to)do sth. 5) 定語:不定式位于所修飾的名詞,代詞之后,如: Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in. 2 6)狀語: in order to improve her English A.目的狀語: She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English. to improve her English 注: in order to 可以位 于句首或句中, so as to 不能位于句首。 B.原因狀語: I am glad to see you . C.結(jié)果狀語: They lived to see the liberation of their home 。 ? 在 “too…to…” 結(jié)構(gòu)中表 “太 … 而 不能 ”,如: He is too weak to do the work. 注: too 之前如果有 only, only too 表 “非常 ”、 “很 ”意,此時(shí)不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意。如: They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他們很幸運(yùn)去國(guó)外訪問。 另外, too 后如果是 happy, glad之類形容詞時(shí),不定式也表肯定意,如: She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street. 3. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式( for sb. to do sth.),可作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。 It is+adj+of/for+sb+to do sth 4. 疑問詞+不定式:可作主語、表語或賓語。如: How to finish the work in time is a problem.(主語) We don?t know when and where to go .(賓語) 5. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系: (后附表格) ? 分詞 1.分詞形式:有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。過去分詞只有一種形式,現(xiàn)在分詞則有: 一般主動(dòng)式 doing, 一般被動(dòng)式 being done, 完成主動(dòng)式 having done,完成被動(dòng)式 having been done 2.語法功能:在句中作定語、表語、賓補(bǔ)、狀語。 3.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū) 別: 1)語態(tài)不同:現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)概念,及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。例如: the moving film 動(dòng)人的電影,the moved girl 受感動(dòng)的姑娘, a running machine 一臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的機(jī)器, a stolen car 一輛被盜的汽車 2)時(shí)間關(guān)系上不同:現(xiàn)在分詞表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,過去分詞往往表已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。 例如: a developing country 發(fā)展中的國(guó)家, a developed country 發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家 4.現(xiàn)在分詞的基本用法: A.作定 語: (想當(dāng)一個(gè)定語從句) The sleeping child is only five years old.(= The child who is sleeping is…)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(= The girl who is writing a letter can…) The factory making TV sets is very large.(= The factory which makes TV sets is very large.) B.作表語: The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting. C.作賓補(bǔ):用于 see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep 等動(dòng)詞之后。 例如: We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom ing out of the house. /Don?t keep the students doing homework all day. ? 注:上述動(dòng)詞后跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作的過程,而不是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)則表示正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作。 例如: I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing 不可改為 sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing 不可改為 singing) 3 ? have sb. do sth. 與 have sb. doing sth. 的區(qū)別:前者 have= let, 后者 have 有時(shí)表 “keep”意,有時(shí)表 “employ(雇用) ”意。 如: I’ll have him go with 。 I’ll have him working in my 。 Don’t have the machine working all day .不要讓機(jī)器整天工作。 D.作狀語: ① 時(shí)間狀語: Reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life. ② 原因狀語: Being ill, I didn’t go to school yesterday. ③ 方式或伴隨狀語: Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 5.過去分詞的基本用法: 1)作定語: The stolen car was found by the police last week. 2)作表語: The glass is broken. /When I got to the classroom ,the door was locked. 3)作賓補(bǔ): You must have your hair cut. 4)作狀語: Given more time ,we can do the work much better. 6.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu): 當(dāng)分詞有它自己的獨(dú)立主語(不同于句子主語的名詞或代詞)時(shí),則是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式,在句中作狀語、定語等。 例如: The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(= When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.) /There being no bus, we had to walk home .(= There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.) ? 動(dòng)名詞 1. 形式同現(xiàn)在分詞,有四種。 2. 動(dòng)名詞的基本用法: 1)作主語: Seeing is believing. /Talking is easier than doing. /It’s no use waiting here. 1) 作表語: My hobby(愛好) is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking. 2) 作賓語: When he came in,we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking. /We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. /Are you fond of dancing?/The boy isn?t worth teaching. 3) 作定語: This is her father’s walking stick. 3. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):形式: his/him working there,Wang Dong’s/Wang Dong working there 語法功能: 1) 作主語: Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.(動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首作主語時(shí),只能用 sb’s的形式,此句中的 Your 不可改為 You。) 2) 作賓語: I don’t like his/him staying with us. 3) 作表語: My joy is his winning the table- tennis game.( his 不能改為 him) ? 非謂語動(dòng)詞 時(shí)態(tài)用法 get 4 非謂語動(dòng)詞用法比較之前之后同時(shí)H a v i n g a l r e a d y r e a d t h e b o o k , I w a n t t o r e a d o t h e r b o o k s .H e w e n t u p t o m e , s a y i n g “ H e l l o ! ”I s a w h e r t a l k i n g w i t h h e r f r i e n d .現(xiàn)在分詞H e a d m i t t e d h a v i n g s t o l e n t h e m o n e y .W e l o o k f o r w a r d t o v i s i t i n g t h e M u s e u m .H e k e p t a s k i n g q u e s t i o n s i n c l a s s .動(dòng)名詞I a m s o r r y t o h a v e b r o k e n y o u r g l a s s .H e a s k e d m e t o c o m e e a r l i e r .I a m g l a d t o m e e t y o u .不定式與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作比較舉例 總結(jié): 1. 一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)(幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生,或者在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。 2. 完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。 一 . 作主語用法 不定式和動(dòng)名詞做主語的用法要點(diǎn)T o m a s t e r E n g l i s h i s n
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