新科學(xué)和技術(shù)以及創(chuàng)新在印度的發(fā)展外文翻譯(已修改)
2025-06-01 01:08 本頁面
【正文】 中文 3860 字 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 外文翻譯 外文題目 ： New Science, Technology and Innovation Developments In India 出 處 ： Supporting Science amp。 Technology Polices 作 者 ： PIKAY RICHARDSON 原文 : Abstract This paper reviews the science and technology policies of India and how these have fashioned India’s technology capability over the years. It shows that while India has achieved enormous strides in the area of science, technology and innovation, inappropriate policies in the past have hampered the development of an effective national innovation system. The paper concludes by drawing lessons for the development of an EUwide science and technology policy 2. Trends in STI Developments in India Trends in India’s Science and Technology Policy It has long been recognized that investment in science and technology makes substantial contribution to economic growth in terms of higher growth rates of an economy’s total factor productivity (Abramovitz, 1956, Denison 1962 and Solow, 1957, among others). In addition to direct returns, huge (positive) externalities have also been found to be associated with it (Abramovitz, 1989). Taking cognisance of the importance of technology’s role in development, advanced countries nurture continuing development of science and technology and most developing countries adopt Ramp。D policies in the early phases of their development. Science and Technology policy constitutes an integral part of a nation’s overall industrial policy (Barber and White, 1987). While the former shapes the pace and direction of technology development, the latter determines the nature of demand. This section reviews the evolution of Science and Technology policy in India since independence。 Science and Technology policy of any nation is carved within the background of overall industrial policy. If anything, Samp。T policy is supposed not only to give meaning to, but more importantly, to ensure achievement of the goals of industrial policy. It is therefore the thrust and direction of industrial policy that determines the tes of any Samp。T policy, although it must be said that Ramp。D may lead to results that may also change the course of industrial policy. Even so, Samp。T policy has almost always been driven by the goals of industrial development policy. This section therefore describes the development strategy adopted by the government in the various phases of development and analyses the acpanying Samp。T policy. Two strands of Samp。T policy have existed – policies related to technology transfer from abroad through formal modes such as FDI, technology licensing and capital goods imports and domestic technology generation policies. Having realized that the pursuit of autarkic economic policies in much of the postindependence period to 1990 was a mistake, India undertook sweeping reforms as a way of speeding economic growth and achieving faster integration into the world economy. Part of these reforms has been the reenactment of a science and technology policy more suited to the achievement of the goals of building a prosperous nation. 3. Response to/Impact of Reforms Global Ramp。D Centers Hirwani and Jain (1999) have shown that although marketoriented activities were more important to MNEs in most of the 1990s, technology oriented activities are growing in importance. Hitherto, MNEs had been emphasizing a strategy of customizing products for the Indian market and of obtaining costefficient manufacturing facilities in India. Increasingly, however, there has been a clear move towards obtaining access
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