【正文】 支墩壩和土壩。前三種壩通常是用混凝土澆筑的。重力壩依靠自重維持穩(wěn)定，通常在平面上呈直線狀，不過有時略帶點弧形。拱壩通過拱的作用把水的水平推力中的大部分傳給拱座，因此，它的橫截面比重力壩單薄些。拱壩只用于崖壁能承受拱作用所產(chǎn)生的推力的峽谷中。各種支墩壩中最簡單的是平板壩，它是由許多支墩間隔地支撐著傾斜的面板。土壩是一種由土或石料填筑而成并借助于不透水的心墻或上游鋪蓋防滲透的土堤。在一座大壩的結(jié)構(gòu)中可包含不止一種壩形?；⌒螇慰梢园阎亓ψ饔煤凸白饔媒Y(jié)合起來，以利壩的穩(wěn)定。長壩常常有一個包括溢洪道、泄水閘在內(nèi)的混凝土壩段，其余壩段是用土或石填筑的副壩。Lesson15In the first aspect, the flow is studied for periods of drought and periods of excess water inrelation ??methods are available in various texts, journals, and reports to estimate stream ，要聯(lián)系工程開發(fā)中的用水情況，按枯水期和豐水期來研究流量。優(yōu)先的用水權(quán)必 須調(diào)查清除，并納入研究中。要做出若干年一段時期內(nèi)河川徑流的累積曲線，以便確定可利 用的水量。累計曲線表示一定時期內(nèi)通過河道上某一地點的累計總水量。遺憾的是，大部分 小河流上都沒有足夠的記錄可用以編制水文資料。工程技術(shù)人員通常都從相鄰的河流數(shù)據(jù)和 雨量資料編制出綜合曲線。從各種教材、雜志和報告中也可以得到各種估算河川流量的方法。An advanced procedure to estimate the maximum flood is to transpose storms producing greatfloods in ??bined with other floodcontributing characteristics of the basin(includingmelting snow)to produce the flood ，將所得 出的洪水加以分析，就可以用來確定洪峰流量和流量過程線。流量過程線是表示洪水產(chǎn)生特 性的流量時間關(guān)系曲線。如果用綜合流域內(nèi)的其他洪水形成特性（包括融雪）來研究最大 可能降水量，則也可以得到相似的方法求出洪水過程線。第三篇：人教版初中英語課文標題七年級上冊預備篇Unit 1 Good morning!預備篇Unit 2 What’s this in English? 預備篇Unit 3 What color is it？ 七上Unit 1 My name’s 2 Is this your pencil? 七上Unit 3 This is my 4 Where’s my backpack? 七上Unit 5 Do you have a soccer ball? 七上Unit 6 Do you like bananas? 七上Unit 7 How much are these pants? 七上Unit 8 When is your birthday? 七上Unit 9 Do you want to go to a movie? 七上Unit 10 Can you play the guitar? 七上Unit 11 What time do you go to school? 七上Unit 12 My favorite subject is 七下Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from? 七下Unit 2 Where’s the post office? 七下Unit 3 Why do you like koalas? 七下Unit 4 I want to be an 5 I’m watching 6 It’s raining!七下Unit 7 What does he look like? 七下Unit 8 I’d like some 9 How was your weekend? 七下Unit 10 Where did you go on vacation? 七下Unit 11 What do you think of game shows? 七下Unit 12 Don’t eat in 八上Unit 1 How often do you exercise? 八上Unit 2 What’s the matter? 八上Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation? 八上Unit4 How do you get to school? 八上Unit 5 Can you e to my party?八上Unit 6 I’m more outgoing than my 7 How do you make a banana milk shake? 八上Unit 8 How was your school trip? 八上Unit 9 When was he born ? 八上Unit 10 I’m going to be a basketball 11 Could you please clean your room? 八上Unit 12 What39。s the best radio station ?八年級下冊八下Unit 1Will people have robots?八下Unit 2 What should I do? 八下Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived? 八下Unit 4 He said I was 5 If you go to the party, you’ll have a great time!八下Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? 八下Unit 7Would you mind turning down the music? 八下Unit 8 Why don’t you get her a scarf?八下Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park? 八下Unit 10 It’s a nice day, isn’t it?九年級全冊九年級Unit 1 How do you study for a test?九年級Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own 4 What would you do? 九年級Unit 5 It must belong to 6 I like music that I can dance 7 Where would you like to visit? 九年級Unit 8 I’ll help clean up the city 9 When was it invented?九年級Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already 11 Could you tell me where the restrooms are? 九年級Unit 12 You’re supposed to shake hands 九年級Unit 13 Rainy days make me 14Have you packed yet?九年級Unit 15 We’re trying to save the manatees!第四篇：水利水電工程專業(yè)英語英文詞匯strain meter 應(yīng)變計temperature sensor 溫度傳感器 terminal station 集線站 set out 放線、放樣 stakeline 測樁線state plane coordinate system 國家平面坐標其他（Others）check hole 檢查孔 partment 灌區(qū) dense mix 濃漿foundation uplift 基礎(chǔ)隆起 grout hole 灌漿孔instrument hole 儀器孔primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一序、二序、三序灌漿孔spilt spacing 加密灌漿孔距 waste mix 棄漿◆ 測量（Survey）測量方法及術(shù)語（Methods and Terms）adjust 校正、調(diào)整 adjustment平差 allowance 容許誤差 backsight point 后視點 basic point 基礎(chǔ)點 bench mark 水準點 pass 羅盤chainage(station number)樁號 chain of triangulation 三角鎖 check 校核、對照 control point 控制點 coordinate point 坐標點 datum 基礎(chǔ)面datum point 基準點 deviation 偏差easily identifiable point 容易識別點 error 誤差first order triangulation 一等三角測量 geodetic 大地測量學的geodetic surveying 大地測量 joint survey 聯(lián)合測量 known point 已知點 level surface 水準面local triangulation networks 局部三角網(wǎng) national coordination system 國家坐標網(wǎng) observe 觀測、監(jiān)視point to be located 待定點 position 定位、位置reconnaissance 選點、踏勘 reference point 參考點second order triangulation 二等三角測量系survey point 測點theoretical point 理論點traverse(polygon)導線（測量）、橫斷 error of traverse 導線閉合差 lattice traverse 網(wǎng)格狀導線 long side traverse 長導線 open traverse 非閉合導線 short side traverse 短導線 traverse closure 導線閉合 traverse station 導線點 traverse survey 導線測量 triangulation 三角測量triangulation network 三角網(wǎng)triangulation of high order 高等級三角網(wǎng)triangulation point 三角點 trilateration 三邊測量verticalcontrol net 高程控制網(wǎng) wood pile 木樁角度測量（Angular Measure）azimuth 方位角bearing 方位、象限角 buddle 氣泡、水準器 circle 度盤、圓盤circular bubble 圓水準器 collimation axis 視準軸crossline(crosshair)十字絲 depression angle 俯角 elevation angle 仰角 eyepiece(ocular)目鏡 field pole(staff)標桿 footscrew 腳螺栓horizontal angle 水平角 mark 標志（明）objective lens 物鏡plumb(plummet)鉛垂、垂線 sight 瞄準、觀測 target 目標、瞄準 theodolite 經(jīng)緯儀 tranverse axis 橫軸 tripod 三腳架vertical angle 豎直角 vertical axis 豎軸望遠鏡（Telescope）centering 對中 face left 盤左 face right 盤右 focus 集中、焦點 focusing 調(diào)焦index error 指標誤差inverted position of telescope(reverse telescope)倒鏡、盤右normal position of telescope(direct telescope)正鏡、盤右optical plummet 光學垂準器 round 測回 set 套、組 station 測站距離測量（Distance Measure）barometer 氣壓計base line(basic line/datum line)基線 battery 電池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement)電磁波測距filter 濾光片、濾波器laser alignment system 激光準直系統(tǒng) laser beam 激光束 prism 棱鏡range 測程、距離 long range 遠程 medium range 中程 short range 短程 range finder 測距儀 signal 信號spring balance 彈簧稱 tape 卷尺invar tape 銦瓦鋼卷尺高程測量（Height Measurement）altitude/elevation 高程、海拔approximate leveling近似置平、粗平automatic level 自動定平水準儀 difference in altitude(difference of elevation ,height difference)高差error of closure in leveling 水準閉合差 exact leveling 精平、確置平level 水準儀（測點）level circuit 水準閉合環(huán) level shoe 水準尺墊 line of level 水準線路national geodeti