【正文】 就不罷休。生命太短暫，所以不能空手走過，你必須對某樣?xùn)|西傾注你的深情。我在你們這個年齡，是超級的一根筋，我的目標(biāo)就是非成為物理學(xué)家不可。本科畢業(yè)后，我在加州大學(xué)伯克利分校又待了8年，讀完了研究生，做完了博士后，然后去貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室待了9年。在這些年中，我關(guān)注的中心和職業(yè)上的全部樂趣，都來自物理學(xué)。Here is my final piece of a personal passion is important, but it should not be your only you are old and gray, and look back on your life, you will want to be proud of what you have source of that pride won’t be the things you have acquired or the recognition you have will be the lives you have touched and the difference you have 我還有最后一個忠告，就是說興趣愛好固然重要，但是你不應(yīng)該只考慮興趣愛好。當(dāng)你白發(fā)蒼蒼、垂垂老矣、回首人生時，你需要為自己做過的事感到自豪。物質(zhì)生活和你實(shí)現(xiàn)的占有欲，都不會產(chǎn)生自豪。只有那些受你影響、被你改變過的人和事，才會讓你產(chǎn)生自豪。After nine years at Bell labs, I decided to leave that warm, cozy ivory tower for what I considered to be the “real world,” a Labs, to quote what was said about Mary Poppins, was “practically perfect in every way,” but I wanted to leave behind something more than scientific wanted to teach and give birth to my own set of scientific ，我決定離開這個溫暖舒適的象牙塔，走進(jìn)我眼中的“真實(shí)世界”——大學(xué)。我對貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的看法，可以引用Mary Poppins的話，“實(shí)際上十全十美”。但是，我想離開那種僅僅是科學(xué)論文的生活。我要去教書，培育我自己在科學(xué)上的后代。Ted Geballe, a friend and distinguished colleague of mine at Stanford, who also went from Berkeley to Bell Labs to Stanford years earlier, described our motives best: 我在斯坦福大學(xué)有一個好友兼杰出同事Ted Geballe。他也是從伯克利分校去了貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室，幾年前又離開貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室去了斯坦福大學(xué)。他對我們的動機(jī)做出了最佳描述： “The best part of working at a university is the e in fresh, enthusiastic, open to ideas, unscarred by the battles of don39。t realize it, but they39。re the recipients of the best our society can a mind is ever free to be creative, that39。s the e in believing textbooks are authoritative, but eventually they figure out that textbooks and professors don39。t know everything, and then they start to think on their , I begin learning from them.”“在大學(xué)工作，最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是學(xué)生。他們生機(jī)勃勃，充滿熱情，思想自由，還沒被生活的重壓改變。雖然他們自己沒有意識到，但是他們是這個社會中你能找到的最佳受眾。如果生命中只有一段時間是思想自由和充滿創(chuàng)造力，那么那段時間就是你在讀 大學(xué)。進(jìn)校時，學(xué)生們對課本上的一字一句毫不懷疑，漸漸地，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)課本和教授并不是無所不知的，于是他們開始獨(dú)立思考。從那時起，就是我開始向他們學(xué)習(xí)了。” My students, post doctoral fellows, and the young researchers who worked with me at Bell Labs, Stanford, and Berkeley have been 30 former group members are now professors, many at the best research institutions in the world, including have learned much from now, in rare moments on weekends, the remaining members of my biophysics group meet with me in the ether world of 、帶過的博士后、合作過的年輕同事，都非常優(yōu)秀。他們中有30多人，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是教授了。他們所在的研究機(jī)構(gòu)有不少是全世界第一流的，其中就包括哈佛大學(xué)。我從他們身上學(xué)到了很多東西。即使現(xiàn)在，我偶爾還會周末上網(wǎng)，向現(xiàn)在還從事生物物理學(xué)研究的學(xué)生請教。（三）、I began teaching with the idea of giving back。I received more than I brings me to the final movement of this begins with a story about an extraordinary scientific discovery and a new dilemma that it ’s a call to arms and about making a ，開始了教學(xué)生涯。我的一生中，得到的多于我付出的，所以我要回報社會。這就引出了這次演講的最后一個樂章。首先我要講一個了不起的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及由此帶來的新挑戰(zhàn)。它是一個戰(zhàn)斗的號令，到了做出改變的時候了。In the last several decades, our climate has been change is not new: the Earth went through six ice ages in the past 600,000 , recent measurements show that the climate has begun to change size of the North Polar Ice Cap in the month of September is only half the size it was a mere 50 years sea level which been rising since direct measurements began in 1870 at a rate that is now five times faster than it was at the beginning of recorded ’s the remarkable scientific the first time in human history, science is now making predictions of how our actions will affect the world 50 and 100 years from changes are due to an increase in carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Earth has warmed up by roughly degrees Celsius since the beginning of the is already approximately a 1 degree rise built into the system, even if we stop all greenhouse gas emissions ? It will take decades to warm up the deep oceans before the temperature reaches a new ，我們的氣候一直在發(fā)生變化。氣候變化并不是現(xiàn)在才有的，過去60萬年中就發(fā)生了6次冰河期。但是，現(xiàn)在的測量表明氣候變化加速了。北極冰蓋在9月份的大小，只相當(dāng)于50年前的一半。1870年起，人們開始測量海平面上升的速度，現(xiàn)在的速度是那時的5倍。一個重大的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)就這樣產(chǎn)生了。科學(xué)第一次在人類歷史上，預(yù)測出我們的行為對50~100年后的世界有何影響。這些變化的原因是，從工業(yè)革命開始，人類排放到大氣中的二氧化碳增加了。即使我們立刻停止所有溫室氣體的排放，氣溫仍然將比過去上升大約1度。因?yàn)樵跉鉁剡_(dá)到均衡前，海水溫度的上升將持續(xù)幾十年。If the world continues on a businessasusual path, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that there is a fiftyfifty chance the temperature will exceed 5 degrees by the end of this increase may not sound like much, but let me remind you that during the last ice age, the world was only 6 degrees this time, most of Canada and the United States down to Ohio and Pennsylvania were covered year round by a world 5 degrees warmer will be very change will be so rapid that many species, including Humans, will have a hard time ’ve been told for example, that, in a much warmer world, insects were wonder if this thing buzzing around is a ，聯(lián)合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）預(yù)測，本世紀(jì)末將有50%的可能，氣溫至少上升5度。這聽起來好像不多，但是讓我來提醒你，上一次的冰河期，地球的氣溫也僅僅只下降了6度。那時，俄亥俄州和費(fèi)城以下的大部分美國和加拿大的土地，都終年被冰川覆蓋。氣溫上升5度的地球，將是一個非常不同的地球。由于變化來得太快，包括人類在內(nèi)的許多生物，都將很難適應(yīng)。比如，有人告訴我，在更溫暖的環(huán)境中，昆蟲的個頭將變大。我不知道現(xiàn)在身旁嗡嗡叫的這只大蒼蠅，是不是就是前兆。We also face the specter of nonlinear “tipping points” that may cause much more severe example of a tipping point is the thawing of the permafrost contains immense amounts of frozen organic matter that have been accumulating for the soil melts, microbes will spring to life and cause this debris to difference in biological activity below freezing and above freezing is something we are all familiar food remains edible for a very long time in the freezer, but once thawed, it spoils much methane and carbon dioxide might be released from the rotting permafrost? If even a fraction of the carbon is released, it could be greater than all the greenhouse gases we have released to since the beginning of the industrial started, a runaway effect could ，那就是非線性的“氣候引爆點(diǎn)”，這會帶來許多嚴(yán)重得多的變化。“氣候引爆點(diǎn)”的一個例子就是永久凍土層的融化。永久凍土層經(jīng)過千萬年的累積形成，其中包含了巨量的凍僵的有機(jī)物。如果凍土融化，微生物就將廣泛繁殖，使得凍土層中的有機(jī)物快速腐爛。冷凍后的生物和冷凍前的生物，它們在生物學(xué)特性上的差異，我們都很熟悉。在冷庫中，冷凍食品在經(jīng)過長時間保存后，依然可以食用。但是，一旦解凍，食品很快就腐爛了。一個腐爛的永久凍土層，將釋放出多少甲烷和二氧化碳？即使只有一部分的碳被釋放出來，可能也比我們從工業(yè)革命開始釋放出來的所有溫室氣體還要多。這種事情一旦發(fā)生，局勢就失控了。The climate problem is the unintended consequence of our