【正文】 and treatments that alter the ：覆蓋表面的處理和改變表面的處理。Covering the Surface覆蓋表面The treatments that cover the surfaces include organic coatings and inorganic 。The inorganic coatings perform electroplatings, conversion coatings, thermal sprayings, hot dippings, furnace fusings, or coat thin films, glass, ceramics on the surfaces of the 、轉(zhuǎn)化層、熱噴涂、熱浸漬、熔爐熔融、或在材料表面涂上薄膜、玻璃、陶瓷。Electroplating is an electrochemical process by which metal is deposited on a substrate by passing a current through the 。Usually there is an anode(positively charged electrode), which is the source of the material to be deposited。the electrochemistry which is the medium through which metal ions are exchanged and transferred to the substrate to be coated。and a cathode(negatively charged electrode)which is the substrate to be (正電極)，是要沉淀材料的來源；電化學反應(yīng)是使金屬離子交換并遷移到要覆蓋基體上的中間過程；以及一個陰極(負電極)，即要覆蓋的基體。Plating is done in a plating bath which is usually a nonmetallic tank(usually plastic).The tank is filled with electrolyte which has the metal, to be plated, in ionic (一般是塑料)的電鍍槽中進行。該容器裝滿了含有離子態(tài)被鍍金屬的電解液。The anode is connected to the positive terminal of the power anode is usually the metal to be plated(assuming that the metal will corrode in the electrolyte).For ease of operation, the metal is in the form of nuggets and placed in an inert metal basket made out noncorroding metal(such as titanium or stainless steel).陽極與電源正極相連。陽極通常為被鍍金屬(假定該金屬能在電解液中腐蝕)。為了操作容易，該金屬呈固體小塊形式并置于由抗腐蝕金屬(如鈦或不銹鋼)制成的惰性金屬筐內(nèi)。The cathode is the workpiece, the substrate to be is connected to the negative terminal of the power power supply is well regulated to minimize ripples as well to deliver a steady predictable current, under varying loads such as those found in plating ，即要鍍的基體，連接到電源的負極。很好地調(diào)節(jié)電源使波動最小化并在載荷變化情況(如同電鍍?nèi)萜髦锌吹降哪菢?下提供穩(wěn)定的可預知電流。As the current is applied, positive metal ions from the solution are attracted to the negatively charged cathode and deposit on the a replenishment for these deposited ions, the metal from the anode is dissolved and goes into the solution and balances the ionic ，來自溶液的正的金屬離子被吸引到帶負電的陰極并沉淀在其上。作為這些沉淀離子的補充，來自陽極的金屬被溶解并進入溶液平衡離子勢能。Thermal spraying spraying metal coatings are depositions of metal which has been melted immediately prior to projection onto the metals used and the application systems used vary but most applications result in thin coatings applied to surfaces requiring improvement to their corrosion or abrasion resistance ：熱噴涂金屬涂層是金屬熔化后立即投射到基體上形成的金屬沉積層。所用的金屬和應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)都可以變化，但大多數(shù)應(yīng)用都是在要求改善抗腐蝕或耐磨性能的表面涂上薄層。Thermal spray is a generic term for a broad class of related processes in which molten droplets of metals, ceramics, glasses, and/or polymers are sprayed onto a surface to produce acoating, to form a freestanding nearnetshape, or to create an engineered material with unique ，噴涂到表面產(chǎn)生涂層的熔化小滴可以是金屬、陶瓷、玻璃和/或聚合物，形成獨立的近似純形或產(chǎn)生具有獨特性能的設(shè)計材料。In principle, any material with a stable molten phase can be thermally sprayed, and a wide range of pure and posite materials are routinely sprayed for both research and industrial rates are very high in parison to alternative coating ，有穩(wěn)定熔化狀態(tài)的任何材料都可以熱噴涂，范圍寬闊的純凈和合成材料一般都能噴涂用于研究及工業(yè)目的。其沉積率與可供選擇的涂層技術(shù)比較是很高的。Deposit thickness of to 1mm is mon, and thickness greater than 1cm can be achieved with some ，對某些材料則沉淀厚度可以達到1cm以上。The process for application of thermal spray metal is relatively simple and consists of the following stages.(1)Melting the metal at the gun.(2)Spraying the liquid metal onto the prepared substrate by means of pressed ：(1)在噴槍內(nèi)熔化金屬。(2)通過壓縮空氣將液態(tài)金屬噴涂在準備好的基體上。(3)Molten particles are projected onto the cleaned are two main types of wire application available today namely arc spray and gas spray.(3)熔化微粒投射在清潔過的基體上?，F(xiàn)在有兩種主要的金屬絲應(yīng)用類型可選用，也就是電弧噴涂和氣體噴涂。ARC—A pair of wires are electrically energized so that an arc is struck across the tips when brought together through a air is blown across the arc to atomise and propel the autofed metal wire particles onto the prepared —當一對金屬絲通過手持噴槍連到一起時，通上電橫過其末端劃燃電弧。壓縮空氣吹過電弧使其霧化并驅(qū)使自動送料金屬絲微粒到準備好的工件上。GAS—In bustion flame spraying the continuously moving wire is passed through a pistol, melted by a conical jet of burning molten wire tip enters the cone, atomises and is propelled onto the —連續(xù)移動的金屬絲在燃燒火焰噴射中通過手持噴槍，并被燃燒氣體的錐形噴嘴所熔化。熔化后的金屬絲頂端進入錐體霧化并驅(qū)使其到基體上。ThinFilm Vapor Deposition(PVD)and Chemical Vapor Deposition(CVD)are two most mon types of thinfilm coating ：物理蒸發(fā)沉淀(PVD)和化學蒸發(fā)沉淀(CVD)是兩種最常見薄膜涂層方法的類型。PVD coatings involve atombyatom, moleculebymolecule, or ion deposition of various materials on solid substrates in vacuum 、分子緊靠分子或離子沉淀于固態(tài)基體上。Thermal evaporation uses the atomic cloud formed by the evaporation of the coating metalin a vacuum environment to coat all the surfaces in the line of sight between the substrate and the is often used in producing thin, , decorative shiny coatings on plastic 。在塑料零件上生成較薄()的、裝飾性的、有光澤的涂層時常常用到它。The thin coating, however, is fragile and not good for wear thermal evaporation process can also coat a very thick, 1mm, layer of heatresistant materials, such as MCrAIY—a metal, chromium, aluminum, and yttrium alloys, on jet engine ，這種薄涂層是易碎的并不適合用于磨損場合。熱蒸發(fā)工藝也能在噴氣發(fā)動機零件上覆蓋很厚(1mm)的耐熱材料涂層，例如MCrAIY—一種金屬、鉻、鋁和釔合金。Sputtering applies hightechnology coatings such as ceramics, metal alloys, organic and inorganic pounds by connecting the workpiece and the substance to a highvoltage DC power supply in an argon vacuum 、金屬合金、有機和無機化合物之類的高技術(shù)涂層。The plasma is established between the substrate(workpiece)and the target(donor)and transposes the sputtered off target atoms to the surface of the (工件)和靶材(原料物質(zhì))之間并將被濺射的靶材原子轉(zhuǎn)移到基體的表面上。When the substrate is nonconductive, ., polymer, a radiofrequency(RF)sputtering is used can produce thin, less than 3μm(120μin), hard thinfilm coatings, ., titanium nitride(TIN)which is harder than the hardest ，例如聚合物，則采用射頻(RF)濺射代替。反應(yīng)濺射法可以生成較薄(小于3μm(120μin))的、堅硬薄膜涂層，像比最硬金屬還硬的氮化鈦(TIN)。Sputtering is now widely applied on cutting tools, forming tools, injection molding tools, and mon tools such as punches a