【正文】 車刀的縱向進(jìn)給與工件的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)具有特定的關(guān)系，因此這決定了螺紋的導(dǎo)程。這個(gè)條件可以通過采用絲杠和開合機(jī)構(gòu)得到滿足，它們可以實(shí)現(xiàn)拖板相對(duì) 于主軸回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的精確可靠的運(yùn)動(dòng) 1. Engine lathes 普通車床 2. Vertical lathes 立式車床 3. Turret lathes 轉(zhuǎn)塔車床 5. Contouring lathes 仿形車床 6. Universal lathes 萬能車床 Lathe bed is foundation of the engine lathe, which heavy, rugged casting is made to support the working parts of the lathe. The size and mass of the bed gives the rigidity necessary for accurate engineering tolerances required in manufacturing. On top of the bed are machined slideways that guide and align the carriage and tailstock, as they are move from one end of the lathe to the other. rugged adj. 健壯，堅(jiān)固 mass n. 質(zhì)量 slideways 床身是普通車床的基礎(chǔ)，它是由沉重而堅(jiān)固的鑄件制作而成的，其目的是為了支撐車床的工作部件。床身的尺寸和質(zhì)量要使車床具有足夠的剛性以保證制造過程中獲得所需的工程公差。床身上的導(dǎo)軌可以引導(dǎo)和對(duì)準(zhǔn)拖板和尾座，使它們可以從車床的一端移動(dòng)到另一端。 ? Headstock is clamped atop the bed at lefthand end of the lathe and contains the motor that drives the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways through a series of gears housed within the gearbox. The function of gearbox is to generate a number of different spindle speeds. ? atop adv. 在 (? )頂上 ? gearbox 齒輪箱 床頭箱（主軸箱）緊固在床身上面的左端，內(nèi)裝有 電機(jī)，它通過變速箱內(nèi)的一組齒輪來驅(qū)動(dòng)主軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，主軸的軸線平行于導(dǎo)軌。變速箱的功能是可以產(chǎn)生不同的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速。 ? A spindle gear is mounted on the rear of the spindle to transmit power through the change gears to the feeding box that distributes the power to the lead screw for threading or to the feed rod for turning. ? on the rear of 在?的尾部 ? change gears 掛輪 ? lead screw 絲杠 ? feed rod 光杠 主軸齒輪安裝在主軸的尾部，通過掛輪把動(dòng)力傳遞到進(jìn)給箱，如果是車螺紋，進(jìn)給箱將動(dòng)力分配到絲杠上；如果是車削，就將動(dòng)力分配到光杠上。 ? The spindle has a through hole extending lengthwise through which bar stocks can be fed if continuous production is used. The hole can hold a plain lathe center by its tapered inner surface and mount a chuck, a face plate or collet by its threaded outer surface. ? taper ，錐形 ? collet 主軸有一個(gè)縱向通孔，如果連續(xù)加工棒料，通孔就用來實(shí)現(xiàn)棒料的送料。這個(gè)通孔具有一個(gè)內(nèi)錐面，可以安裝普通車床的中心頂尖。 主軸的外表面車有螺紋，可以安裝卡盤，花盤或夾頭。 Carriage assembly is actually an Hshaped block that sits across the guideways and in front of lathe bed. The function of the carriage is to carry and move the cutting tool longitudinally. It can be moved by hand or by power and can be clamped into position with a locking nut. The carriage is posed of the cross slide, pound rest, tool saddle, and apron. 拖板組件實(shí)際上是一個(gè) H 形的鑄件，位于床身的前端并橫跨在導(dǎo)軌上。拖板的功能帶動(dòng)刀具縱向移動(dòng)，這個(gè)可以通過手動(dòng)或者自動(dòng)完成。利用鎖緊螺母可以將其卡緊在所需位置。拖板組件由橫拖板，小刀架，刀架鞍板和溜板箱組成。 ? The cross slide is mounted on the dovetail guideways on the top of the saddle and it moved back and forth at 90176。to the axis of the lathe by the cross slide lead screw. The lead screw can be hand or power activated. ? dovetail 燕尾槽 橫拖板安裝在刀架鞍板上部的燕尾槽導(dǎo)軌上。它利用橫拖板絲杠于車床軸線成 90 度夾角 的方向上前后移動(dòng)。絲杠可以手動(dòng)或者自動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)。 ? The pound rest is mounted on the cross slide and can be swiveled and clamped at any angle in a horizontal plane. The pound is typically used for cutting chamfers or tapers, but must also be used when cutting thread. The pound rest can only be fed by hand. There is no power to pound rest. The cutting tool and tool holder are secured in the tool post which is mounted directly to the pound rest. ? swivel [39。sw?v?l] 小刀架安裝在橫拖板上，它可以在水平面內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或夾緊在任意角度位置。小刀架主要用來倒角和加工錐面，在車削螺 紋時(shí)也必須用到小刀架。小刀架只能手動(dòng)進(jìn)給，沒有動(dòng)力傳到小刀架上。刀具和刀夾被卡緊在直接安裝在小刀架上的刀座上。 The tool saddle is an H shaped casting mounted on the top of the guideways and houses the cross slide and pound rest. It makes possible longitudinal, cross and angular feeding of the tool bit. ? 刀架鞍板是一個(gè)安裝在導(dǎo)軌上部的 H 形鑄件，容納有橫拖板和小刀架。它可以實(shí)現(xiàn)刀尖的縱向、橫向和斜向進(jìn)給。 The apron is attached to the front of the carriage and contains the gears and feed clutches which transmit motion from the feed rod or lead screw to carriage and cross slide. When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage. ? 溜板箱位于拖板的前端，里面裝有齒輪和將運(yùn)動(dòng)從光杠或絲杠傳遞至拖板或橫向拖板的進(jìn)給離合器。當(dāng)切制螺紋時(shí)，動(dòng)力通過絲杠傳遞到溜板箱中的變速齒輪箱。在其它車削加工時(shí)，依靠光杠來驅(qū)動(dòng)拖板。 ? Tailstock is posed of a low base and the movable part of the tailstock proper, the transverse adjustments being made with a cross screw furnished with a square head. The two parts are hold together by the holdingdown bolts which secure the tailstock to the bed. ? transverse adj. 橫向的，橫切的； n. 橫軸 ? holdingdown bolts 壓緊螺栓 尾座由底座和尾座體的可移動(dòng)部件組成。課移動(dòng)部件的橫向調(diào)整有帶有四方頭的橫向絲杠來完成。底座和可移動(dòng)部分通過壓緊螺栓連接在一起并將尾座固定在床身上。 Chapter 6 Traditional or conventional machining, such as turning, milling, and grinding etc. ， uses mechanical energy to shear metal against another substance to create holes or remove material. Nontradition machining processes are defined as a group of processes that remove excess 傳統(tǒng)或傳統(tǒng)的加工 ,如車削、銑削、磨削等 ,使用機(jī)械能剪切金屬反對(duì)另一種物質(zhì)來創(chuàng)建洞或刪除材料。非傳統(tǒng)加工過程被定義為一組進(jìn)程 ,去除多余 material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal,electrical or chemical energy or binations of these energies but do not use a sharp cutting tool as it is used in traditional manufacturing processes. [1] 材料的各種技術(shù)涉及機(jī)械、熱、電力或化學(xué)能源或組合這些能量但不使用鋒利的刀具 ,因?yàn)樗怯迷趥鹘y(tǒng)的制造過程。 [1] Extremely hard and brittle materials arc difficult to be machined by traditional machining processes. Using traditional methods to machine such materials means increased demand for time and energy and therefore increases in costs。 in some cases traditional machining may not be feasible. Traditional machining also results in tool wear and loss of quality in the product owing to induced residual stresses during machining. 極高的硬度、脆性材料電弧很難通過傳統(tǒng)加工過程的加工。使用傳統(tǒng)方法來機(jī)這樣的材料意味著需求增加的時(shí)間和精力 ,因此增加的成本 。在某些情況下傳統(tǒng)加工可能不可行。傳統(tǒng)的加工刀具的磨損 ,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致失去質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品由于誘導(dǎo)殘余應(yīng)力在加工過程中。 Nontraditional machining processes, also called unconventional machining process or advanced manufacturing processes, are employed where traditional machining processes are not feasible, satisfactory or economical due to special reasons as outlined below: 非傳統(tǒng)加工過程 ,也稱為非常規(guī)加工過程或先進(jìn)的生