【正文】 al values通常應用于抽樣統(tǒng)計，如子組平均或極差，而非個別值FSGS M00 Rev B 15? Spec. limits should not be placed on control charts for subgroups規(guī)格極限不應放在控制圖上 :216。 Spec. limits involve individual values of the quality characteristic, while control limits involve sample statistics of the quality characteristic規(guī)格極限包括質量特性的個別值，控制極限僅包括質量特性的抽樣統(tǒng)計值 .216。 Spec. limits are imposed by external demands, thus do not help identify assignable causes規(guī)格極限被應用于外部，不能識別異因 .? Points plotted within the control limits do not indicate directly that parts are meeting customer specs. or Cpk requirements點在控制線內不代表產品滿足客戶規(guī)格或 Cpk要求 . Spec. Limits has No Business in Control Charts!FSGS M00 Rev B 16Shewhart Control Charts Overview變量 屬性缺陷有缺陷的FSGS M00 Rev B 17Review of XR Charts均值極差圖回顧均值極差圖回顧FSGS M00 Rev B 18Central Limit Theorem and Normal Distribution? Shewhart variables control charts for subgroups work because of two important principles修哈特控制圖應用于子組，因為以下 2個重要原理 :216。 Central Limit Theorem中心極限定律216。 Normal Distribution正態(tài)分布? Shewhart found that when the averages of subgroups from a constantcause system are plotted in the form of a histogram, the normal distribution appears修哈特發(fā)現當把常量系統(tǒng)的子組平均值作成一個直方圖時，就出現了常態(tài)分布 . FSGS M00 Rev B 19Construction of XR Charts? The XR chart is the most versatile of control charts, and is used in most 用控制圖? Charting of averages and charting of ranges are used to check if a constantcause system exists均值圖和極差圖用于檢驗常量系統(tǒng)是否存在 . Xchart measures variability between samples均值圖測量 2個樣本間的差異Rchart measures variability within samples極差圖測量樣本內的差異FSGS M00 Rev B 20The Center Line and Control Limits of a Xchart:The Center Line and Control Limits of a Rchart:Construction of XR ChartsFSGS M00 Rev B 21For sample size n 10, R loses its efficiency in estimating process sigma and Rchart may not be appropriate.樣本數大于 10時，極差不能用于估算制程標準差，極差圖不適用Construction of XR ChartsShewhart Constants修哈特常數FSGS M00 Rev B 22How do we begin to set up an XR chart from scratch?如何建立均值極差控制圖？Implementing the Control Chart控制圖的推行控制圖的推行FSGS M00 Rev B 23Implementing the Control Chart1) Preparation of Sampling抽樣準備2) Data Collection數據收集3) Construct the Control Chart組建控制圖4) Analysis Interpretation分析5) Use the Control Chart as a Process Monitoring Tool使用控制圖作為制程監(jiān)控工具FSGS M00 Rev B 24Indicators of Instability制程不穩(wěn)定判斷Primary Indicators主要判斷依據? any point outside of a control limit任意點出界Secondary Indicators次要判斷依據? any nonrandom pattern of points on a control chart任意規(guī)律的點? shift or run交替性? Trend一定趨勢? Stratification分層? Mixture混合性? Periodicity周期性FSGS M00 Rev B 25MiniTab’s Tests for InstabilitySecondary IndicatorsPrimary IndicatorFSGS M00 Rev B 26Warning Limits警告線? The 3? control limits are also called action limits, . investigation and corrective action are required when a point plots outside of these limits/ 3?控制線又叫行動線，如果點在這些線以外，必須采取行動 .? Sometimes, 2? warning limits are marked on a control chart to increase the sensitivity of the control 2?警告線也標示在圖上，以增加控制圖的敏銳性Lower Control LimitUpper Control LimitCenter LineSample Number or TimeSample Quality CharacteristicUpper Warning LimitLower Warning LimitSo what do you do if a point is above the Warning Limit?點在警告線以上如何辦？FSGS M00 Rev B 27? An important idea in control chart theory is the way we pull specimens to form a subgroup of data控制圖原理的一個重要概念是我們將樣本組成數據子組的方法 .? This should follow what Shewhart called the rational subgroup concept這必須依據修哈特的合理子組概念 .? The rational subgroup concept requires that parts are pulled consecutively from the process when forming a subgroup修哈特的合理子組概念要求組成子組的樣本必須連續(xù)地從制程抽取 .Rational Subgroups合理子組 FSGS M00 Rev B 28? Thus, the rational subgroup concept implies that subgroups should be selected so that if assignable causes are present合理子組概念意味著選擇子組時，展示異因 :? the probability for differences between subgroups will be maximized/應最大化 2個 子組的差異? while the probability for differences within a subgroup will be minimized同時應最小化 子組內的差異 .Rational Subgroups合理子組 FSGS M00 Rev B 29Construction of Subgroups子組構建? Preferred method首選方法 :Take consecutive units of production選取連續(xù)生產產品216。 Because the specimens are collected within a short timeframe, this minimizes the chance of variability due to an assignable cause to appear within a sample only因樣本在一短時間內收集，可以最小化異因在一個樣本內出現的機會 .216。 It maximizes the chance of variability due to an assignable cause to appear between samples可以最大化異因在不同樣本內出現的機會 .216。 Good for detecting process shifts能很好地探測制程偏移Rational Subgroups合理子組 FSGS M00 Rev B 30XS Charts?The Center Line and Control Limits of a X Chart are?The Center Line and Control Limits of a S Chart are_FSGS M00 Rev B 31Shewhart ConstantsFor n 25FSGS M00 Rev B 32Attributes Control Charts屬性控制圖43npcpuConstant常數Lot SizeVariable變數Lot SizeDefects(Poisson Distribution泊松分布 )Defectives(Binomial Distribution二項分布 )FSGS M00 Rev B 33p ChartFraction NonConforming少數不合格Reject Rate / Defective Rate拒收率 /缺陷率Percent Fallout20230Sample NumberProportionp Chart1P===FSGS M00 Rev B 34? The underlying principles of the p chart are based on the binomial distribution/P 圖的原理基于二項分布 .? The mean and variance of the distribution of p’s are puted from the binomial equation, giving/P圖分布的均值和偏差由二項分布公式計算而來 : p Chartk = number of subgroups, should be between 20 to 25 before constructing control ，子組數應選擇在 20到 25之間Xk = number of defective units in subgroup k which has a total sa