城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展概述-文庫吧
2025-12-15 05:11 本頁面
【正文】 應(yīng)考慮境外責(zé)任。這要求： ?跨境污染和其它環(huán)境損失應(yīng)得以認(rèn)識(shí)和控制 ?城市不應(yīng)該過度開發(fā)其它地區(qū)的資源和破壞地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng) ?城市活動(dòng)的環(huán)境成本不應(yīng)在無賠償情況下跨境轉(zhuǎn)移，從而變相補(bǔ)貼城市發(fā)展 如何描述和衡量城市的發(fā)展 城市環(huán)境指標(biāo)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展指標(biāo) ? 指標(biāo) 是一個(gè)量或參數(shù)，其用以幫助描述事物隨時(shí)間的變化 ? 環(huán)境指標(biāo) 描述環(huán)境的變化，包括環(huán)境壓力，狀態(tài)和響應(yīng)（比如政策對(duì)策及效果）的指標(biāo) ? 不同于環(huán)境指標(biāo)，可 持續(xù)發(fā)展指標(biāo)超出了衡量和描述環(huán)境狀況的范疇。 – 它將人類對(duì)環(huán)境的影響程度與維持環(huán)境系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)性的臨界線相比較， – 是一個(gè)用來判斷環(huán)境承載力及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可否長期維持人類發(fā)展的工具 城市環(huán)境指標(biāo)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展指標(biāo) 選擇指標(biāo)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ? 問題的重要性 ? 政策相關(guān)性 ? 分析手段的堅(jiān)實(shí)性 ? 可測性 城市環(huán)境和可持續(xù)發(fā)展 指標(biāo)和案例 ? 聯(lián)合國可持續(xù)發(fā)展委員會(huì)（ UNCSD） 的指標(biāo) ? 聯(lián)合國人居組織的城市發(fā)展指數(shù) ? 歐盟環(huán)境署的城市環(huán)境指標(biāo) ? 芬蘭城鎮(zhèn)環(huán)境指標(biāo) ? 歐盟委員會(huì)的城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展指數(shù) ? 英國 Leicester市的二十一世紀(jì)工程指標(biāo)體系 ? 美國西雅圖市城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展指標(biāo) ? 中國的環(huán)境保護(hù)模范城市指標(biāo) UNCSD 的 CSD指標(biāo) SOCIAL（ 社會(huì)） Theme Subtheme Indicator Equity Poverty (3) Percent of Population Living below Poverty Line Gini Index of Ine Inequality Unemployment Rate Gender Equality (24) Ratio of Average Female Wage to Male Wage Health (6) Nutritional Status Nutritional Status of Children Mortality Mortality Rate Under 5 Years Old Life Expectancy at Birth Sanitation Percent of Population with Adequate Sewage Disposal Facilities Drinking Water Population with Access to Safe Drinking Water Healthcare Delivery Percent of Population with Access to Primary Health Care Facilities Immunization Against Infectious Childhood Diseases Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Education (36) Education Level Children Reaching Grade 5 of Primary Education Adult Secondary Education Achievement Level Literacy Adult Literacy Rate Housing (7) Living Conditions Floor Area per Person Security Crime (36, 24) Number of Recorded Crimes per 100,000 Population Population (5) Population Change Population Growth Rate Population of Urban Formal and Informal Settlements ENVIRONMENTAL（環(huán)境） Theme Subtheme Indicator Atmosphere (9) Climate Change Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Ozone Layer Depletion Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances Air Quality Ambient Concentration of Air Pollutants in Urban Areas Land (10) Agriculture (14) Arable and Permanent Crop Land Area Use of Fertilizers Use of Agricultural Pesticides Forests (11) Forest Area as a Percent of Land Area Wood Harvesting Intensity Desertification (12) Land Affected by Desertification Urbanization (7) Area of Urban Formal and Informal Settlements Oceans, Seas and Coasts (17) C
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