【正文】 t must have understood and appreciated it.” The maximal level is defined as “The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did” (Nida 1993 118。 1995 224). B. The development of the Theory “Dynamic equivalence” is readerdirected when Nida developed two essential types of equivalence in translating: dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence. A dynamic equivalence translation does not want the readers to prehend the cultural background of the source language for the sake of understanding the message. However, the wording of “dynamic equivalence” has often been misconceived by other translators as mentioned that “anything which might have special impact and appeal for receptors”(馬會娟 92), Nida took the replace of “functional equivalence”, which means “the municative functions of translating”.1. If a close, formal translation is likely to result in a misunderstanding of the designative meaning. Some changes should be imported into the version of the translation or the literary translation may be reserved and a foot notation explaining the possible misreading must be appended.2. If a close, formal translation makes no sense, . is totally obscure in designative meaning. Some changes should be imported into the version only when the source version is deliberately obscure. In this case, this kind of obscurity is supposed to be reserved and a foot notation explaining the nature of the obscurity must be very helpful and on most occasions fully reasonable.3. If a close, formal translation is so semantically and syntactically difficult that the average person for whom the translation is being made is very likely to give up trying to understand it。 some changes are of the essence, although it perhaps helpful to point out the nature of such changes in an introduction part or in foot notation.4. If a close, formal translation is likely to result in serous misunderstanding of the associative meanings of the source text or in a significant loss in a proper appreciation for the stylistic values of the source text. It is vital to to make these adjustments as they are indispensible to mirror the associative value of the source text.C. The principles of functional equivalenceNida put forward a quantity of correlative principles necessary to explore a favorable functional equivalence of a source text, some of which presented by Nida are very beneficial in studying the translation of literary prose:The misunderstanding and obscurity of the designative and associative meanings, the difficulties in semantics and syntactic structures, the loss of the stylistic values, all these factors require adjustments in formal structures so as to guarantee the success of munication, which provide regulation and guidance for the analyses of the translations of literary prose. (Nida 78)Ⅲ Functional equivalence in the Translation of literary proseA. Functional Equivalence in words and phrasesWords are the basic elements of meaning, but they have not been easy to translate on account of their meanings being flexible and difficult to confirm. The meanings of words are diverse, and, for the sake of analyses, Leech raises two basic meanings of lexical units: conceptual meaning and associative meaning. Conceptual meaning, which can also called designative meaning. The understanding of the designative meaning is the fundamental and premise of a successful translation as it express the essential message. However, the associative meaning, containing much more culture, history and other social elements, is more intricacy.1. Functional equivalence in conceptual meaningConceptual meaning contains those basic essential ponents of meaning which are conveyed by the literal use of a word (Yule 49). It is a basic need for translators to understand and transmit the conceptual meaning by rule and line so as to regenerate the basic meaning of the information in target language. Through analyzing the prosperous in transference of the conceptual meaning in the following examples, it can tell that a formal equivalence is supposed to get out of the road to functional equivalence. In other words, in the first instance, a successful translation is the one that properly wake up to the notional function of the original text.Example1. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one。 but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, e best from those that are learned.