【正文】 owed by a quantitative measurement of the magnitude of the respective :信息對(duì)國(guó)家、結(jié)構(gòu)或自然的一個(gè)特定的特點(diǎn),所謂的結(jié)構(gòu)信息、信息在大小、振幅或強(qiáng)度一定的特點(diǎn),所謂的度量信息,獲得結(jié)構(gòu)信息被稱(chēng)為定性測(cè)量、獲取信息度量稱(chēng)為定量測(cè)量。如果性質(zhì)測(cè)量特點(diǎn),還不知道的,它必須實(shí)現(xiàn)2 Measurement Theory In the previous section we have seen that measurements from the essential link between the empirical world and our theoretical ,abstract image of the world .This concept forms the basis of a theory of measurement .In this theory a measurement result is considered to be a representation of the actual empirical quantity .Measurement theory treats measurements as a mapping of elements of a source set belonging to the empirical domain space (see Fig . ) onto the elements of an image (or oute ) set which is part of the abstract range (or image ) space .在上一節(jié)中我們已經(jīng)看到,測(cè)量來(lái)自必要的聯(lián)系,我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)世界理論、抽象形象的世界。這觀的基礎(chǔ)上測(cè)量理論。理論,((whi)或結(jié)果。The quantity to be measured (the measurand ) is an element of the source set .For instance ,in the electrical domain we measure electrical current (source set ) but only within a certain range of magnitude (elements). The result of the measurement process is abstract 。it forms an element of the image set in the abstract range space . 測(cè)量的量進(jìn)行測(cè)量)是一種元素的源設(shè)置情況,因?yàn)樵陔婎I(lǐng)域受到我們測(cè)量電流)但只有在一定范圍內(nèi)的大小(原理)。測(cè)量過(guò)程的結(jié)果是抽象的,它形成了一個(gè)元素的抽象的圖像范圍空間。For example, the magnitude of the electrical current to be measured in the above example is (by measurement ) assigned a certain number (element ) out of the set of real numbers (image set ).例如,電流的大小來(lái)衡量在上面的例子中(通過(guò)測(cè)量)分配一定數(shù)量(元素)從套真實(shí)數(shù)字(圖像)。In other words ,the elements of the source set are empirical characteristics of States and phenomena of the world around us 。 the elements of the image set are symbols of the abstract image set of symbols . The symbols can be numbers (quantitative measurements ) but can also be ,for example ,names (quantitative measurements ).換句話(huà)說(shuō),元素的來(lái)源是實(shí)證特點(diǎn)設(shè)置狀態(tài)和我們周?chē)氖澜绲默F(xiàn)象。要素的圖像的抽象符號(hào)圖像集象徵。符號(hào)可以是數(shù)字(定量測(cè)量),還可以為例,定量測(cè)量)名字。Restricting the definition of measurement further , measurement theory states that measurement is the mapping of elements from an empirical source set onto elements of an abstract image set according to a particular transformation function . The transformation function consists of the assignment algorithms , results or procedures that define the representation of empirical quantities by abstract symbols .限制測(cè)量的定義進(jìn)一步、測(cè)量理論認(rèn)為測(cè)量測(cè)繪的要素,從實(shí)證源固定在抽象的圖像元素根據(jù)特定的轉(zhuǎn)換功能。轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)由任務(wù)的算法,結(jié)果或程序確定表示的實(shí)證數(shù)量由抽象符號(hào)。In practice the assignment algorithm , rule or procedure is implemented by the employed measurement system. The measurement system therefore determines the representation . As stated earlier , this representation must be done in a description ,objective and selective way . Thus , the image set must consist of elements (measurement outes ) which are abstract symbols with a unique meaning about which , by definition , all observers agree .在實(shí)踐中,分派算法、規(guī)則、程序是由受雇測(cè)量系統(tǒng)實(shí)施。測(cè)量系統(tǒng)因此決定表示。如前所述,這些表示都被做以描述、客觀、有選擇的。因此,對(duì)圖像集必須包含的元素(測(cè)量結(jié)果),有抽象符號(hào)具有獨(dú)特的意義,被定義,所有的觀察家們也一致。A measurement must be descriptive .In measurement theory this is described in terms of set theory :the relations that exist between the elements of the source set must be maintained under the transformation in the image set ,for example ,’larger than ’, ‘equal to ’ and ‘smaller than ’.一個(gè)測(cè)量必須描述了在測(cè)量理論從集理論存在的關(guān)系成分之間的源設(shè)置下必須保持對(duì)圖像集的轉(zhuǎn)型中,例如,“比”、“等于39。和39。小于”。The set of relations between the elements of the source set is referred to as the relational system (of the source set ).之間的關(guān)系的來(lái)源的元素將被稱(chēng)為關(guān)聯(lián)系統(tǒng)(的源套)。This empirical relational system determines the structure of the source set . Likewise ,an abstract relational system determines the structure of the image set (for instance ,the set of relational that apply to the set of integer numbers ). A measurement (representation ) is now called descriptive if the relational system or structure of the empirical source set is invariant under the transformation (measurement ) . 本實(shí)證關(guān)系系統(tǒng)確定源的結(jié)構(gòu)。同樣地,抽象的關(guān)系系統(tǒng)確定圖像的結(jié)構(gòu)(例如,關(guān)系,適用于整數(shù)的數(shù)字)。測(cè)量(表示)現(xiàn)在稱(chēng)為描述性如果關(guān)系系統(tǒng)或結(jié)構(gòu)變化設(shè)置經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義來(lái)源轉(zhuǎn)換(下測(cè)量)。The measurement only represents that which is measured if the two relational systems are identical 。 otherwise information is lost in the mapping . An example is measuring with a very low resolution 。 two different current magnitudes are mapped onto the same oute , and are indistinguishable from each other .測(cè)量測(cè)量只代表了,如果兩個(gè)關(guān)系系統(tǒng)都是相同的,否則資料遺失在映射。一個(gè)例子是測(cè)量一個(gè)非常低分辨率。兩個(gè)不同電流大小映射到相同的結(jié)果,與對(duì)方。Unit2 Measurement of Physical Quantity物理量測(cè)量The physical quantities listed bellow are often used in test and measurement technology .The first 2 are monly called as electrical quantities and the other are monly called as electricalparameters .Usually the sensors receive the information of quantities under measurement (QUM) and convert it into variation of electrical parameters or electrical potential, which will normally be conditioned ,and then converted into the el