【正文】 still in effect ............................................................................... 13 Past perfect: the earlier action .............................................................................. 13 Tense sequence .................................................................................................. 14 The subjunctive mood ........................................................................................... 14 Hypothetical subjunctive..................................................................................... 14 If…then constructions ........................................................................................ 14 The mand subjunctive .................................................................................. 15 Active voice vs. passive voice .............................................................................. 15 Comparisons ................................................................................. 15 Keeping parisons parallel ............................................................................... 16 Comparisons must be logically parallel ................................................................. 16 Comparisons must be structurally parallel ............................................................. 16 Omitted words....................................................................................................... 16 Comparative and superlative forms ...................................................................... 16 Idioms ............................................................................................. 17 Odds and ends............................................................................... 26 Connecting words ................................................................................................. 26 Connecting punctuation ........................................................................................ 26 Comma............................................................................................................. 26 Semicolon......................................................................................................... 27 Colon ............................................................................................................... 27 Dash ................................................................................................................ 27 Quantity................................................................................................................. 27 Advanced strategy: GMC/SV/PARALLELISM .................. 28 Concision: specific patterns of wordiness............................................................. 28 Pattern 1: prefer a verb to an action noun .............................................................. 28 Pattern 2: prefer a Thatclause (with verbs) to a series of phrases (with nouns)........... 29 Pattern 3: prefer a verb to an adjective. ................................................................. 29 Pattern 4: prefer an adjective to a noun ................................................................. 29 Pattern 5: prefer an adverb to a prepositional phrase ............................................... 30 Pattern 6: prefer an adjective to an adjective clause with be ..................................... 30 Pattern 7: remove IT IS…THAT .......................................................................... 30 Concision: don?t make it too short ........................................................................ 30 Pattern1: keep the prepositional phrase if you need to ............................................. 30 Pattern2: keep THAT OF or THESE OF if you need to ..................................... 31 Pattern 3: keep THAT after a reporting verb .......................................................... 31 Parallelism: concrete nouns and action nouns ...................................................... 32 Infinitives ......................................................................................................... 32 Adjectives and participles: .................................................................................. 32 Advanced strategy: pronouns and modifiers.......................... 33 Other pronouns...................................................................................................... 33 There ............................................................................................................... 33 Itself, themselves: .............................................................................................. 33 DO SO versus DO IT ......................................................................................... 33 Placeholder IT ....................................................................................................... 34 1. Postpone infinitive subjects ............................................................................. 34 2. Postpone Thatclause subjects .......................................................................... 34 3. Postpone infinitive or Thatclause objects .......................................................... 34 Nuances of pronoun reference: ............................................................................. 34 Modifiers: Exceptions to the Touch Role.............................................................. 35 1. Mission Critical modifier................................................................................. 35 2. A very short predicate falls between, shifting a very long modifier back. ............... 35 3. A short nonessential phrase intervenes and is set off by as............................. 35 4. The modifier is part of a series parallel modifiers, one of which touches the noun. .. 36 Possessive Nuances......................