【正文】 = 當(dāng)體重增加時(shí)，氧消耗如何？ 五。 The connection existed between the endocrine system and metabolism (energy metabolism) 包括 ： Insulin, Glucagon, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Thyroid hormone (mineral metabolism) 包括 ： Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, Angiotensin, Renin (growth) 包括 ： Growth hormone, Thyroid hormone, Insulin, Estrogen, Androgen, many Growth Factors 六。 Clinical Review 1. Ketosis CHO __________________I_________________ I l l acetic acid butyric acid propionic acid I____________________ I I I oxaloacetate activated acetate I ▕ glucose I 175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。 I 175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。175。 I I fat energy source ＊ ketone bodies lactose (glucose (oxaloacetate (oxaloacetate metabolism) + TCA cycle) deficiency) ＊ β hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetate, acetone. 六。 Clinical Review (continue) ? fever ? 3. Grass tetany ? 4. Hepatic lipidosis – bile acids in blood 第二講 溫度調(diào)節(jié) (temperature regulation) (參考：獸醫(yī)解剖生理學(xué) (中 ) 103) 一 。 Animals and Temperature Regulation on the relationships of body temperatureenvironment temp. (1)warm blooded (homeothermic or endothermic) animals ： a constant internal thermal milieu Dormancy (important term) a. Sleep b. Torpor. c. Hibernation d. Winter sleep e. Estivation (2)cold blooded (poikiothermic or ectothermic) animals ： controlled by outside sources of heat and cold (behavioural action→regulatory capability) mechanism of warm blooded animals (macroview) (1) stored heat ： △ Q= C (specific heat) x M (mass) x △ T (temperature change) (2) plicated interface： skin and its circulation → ‘insulator” (3) heat transfer (→ambient air) by the methods(types) of ： Conduction－ between two media in close contact Convection－ heat transfer to moving air or water Radiation－ the difference in temperature between two objects Evaporation－ depends on the relative humidity of physiological controls (microview) (1)partments： brain, skin, body core (male scrotum) (2)skin bloodflow： subpapillary venous plexuses/arteriovenous anastomoses/sympathetic chain (3)countercurrent (heat) exchange a. warm arterial blood(core) ←→cool venous blood (extremities) b. thermal gradient (extremities ←→ environment) (4)arterial retes (carotid rete) (5)hormones (response to thermal stress)： a. ACTH → cortisol： acclimation response b. TSH → thyroxin： acclimatization response c. ADH 4. Others (1)sweating： apocrine gland(sheep) (2)panting： openmouth mechanism(dog) (3)salivation (panting)： (tongue)exposed wet surface area (4)shivering： muscle hypertonia(hyperactivity) (5)piloerection (horripilation)： arrectores pilorum (6)behaviour mechanism ： heat exchange (5)The(clinical control)processes that influence the rate of body heat production are： a. autonomic change(mechanism)： increased respiration, shivering b. behavioural change(mechanism)： food intake, lethargia c. endocrine change(mechanism)： thyroid hormone, epinephrine d. somatic change(mechanism) : vasodilatation / vasoconstriction c. + d. = adaptive mechanism 三 。 Clinical Review (1) surgery prolonged arrest of circulation→ blood－ extracorporeal heat exchanger (2) exposed to cold environment (1) trauma / infection pyrogen→(hypothalamus)set point increase→intense heat loss