【正文】 ychological treatment 心理治療 187。Operant conditioning 操作制約 – Parent training 父母親訓(xùn)練 – Classroom management and teacher training 課堂管理和老師的訓(xùn)練 – Classroom structure 課堂結(jié)構(gòu) ? Brief assignments 簡(jiǎn)短的作業(yè) ? Immediate feedback 立即回饋 ? Taskfocused style 聚焦於作業(yè)的方式 ? Breaks for exercise 中間休息以作運(yùn)動(dòng) Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 12 Conduct Disorder (CD) 品行疾患 ? Pattern of engaging in behaviors that violate social norms, the rights of others, and are often 違反社會(huì)規(guī)範(fàn) ,侵害他人權(quán)利和經(jīng)常犯法的行為模式 187。 Aggression 攻擊 187。 Cruelty towards other people or animals 虐待他人或動(dòng)物 187。 Lying 說(shuō)謊 187。 Stealing 偷竊 187。 Vandalism 暴力行為 187。 Often acpanied by lack of remorse and callousness 通常伴隨缺乏憐憫和無(wú)情 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 13 Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) 對(duì)立性反抗疾患 ? ODD behaviors do not meet criteria for CD but child displays pattern of defiant behavior 對(duì)立性反抗疾患的行為並不符合品行疾患的準(zhǔn)則 但兒童呈現(xiàn)反抗的行為模式 187。 Argumentative 愛(ài)爭(zhēng)論的 187。 Loses temper 脾氣不佳 187。 Lack of pliance 缺乏服從性 187。 Deliberately aggravates other 故意激怒他人 187。 Hostile, vindictive, spiteful, or touchy 充滿敵意 ,懷恨 ,惡意或暴躁的 187。 Blame others for their problems 將自己的行為問(wèn)題責(zé)怪他人 ? Most often diagnosed in boys but may be as prevalent in girls 通常診斷於男孩但女孩也可能很普遍 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 14 Conduct Disorder (CD) 品行疾患 ? Many times first identified by legal authorities 通常會(huì)先被法庭發(fā)現(xiàn)其問(wèn)題行為 187。 ?Juvenile delinquents? 青少年罪犯 ? Substance abuse mon普遍有物質(zhì)濫用 ? Comorbid with anxiety and depression, especially for girls 與焦慮和憂鬱共病 ,特別是針對(duì)女孩 ? Prevalence 盛行率 187。 Boys 男孩 – 4 to 16% 百分比四到十六 187。 Girls 女孩 – to 9% 百分比ㄧ點(diǎn)二到九 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 15 Figure Arrest Rates Across Ages for Homicide, Forcible Rape, Robber, Aggravated Assault, and Auto Theft 殺人、強(qiáng)暴、搶劫、攻擊、偷車者在各年齡層的逮捕率 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 16 Conduct Disorder (CD) 品行疾患 ? Moffitt (1993) two paths 在 1993年 Moffitt所提的兩條發(fā)展路徑 1. Lifecoursepersistent 生命過(guò)程中持續(xù)出現(xiàn) 2. Adolescencelimited 僅在青少年期出現(xiàn) ? Not all aggressive or conductdisordered boys continue aggressive behavior into adulthood 不是所有具攻擊性或品行疾患的男孩會(huì)持續(xù)攻擊行為到成年期 187。 Predictive factors 預(yù)測(cè)因子 – Low verbal IQ 低語(yǔ)文智商 – Parent with antisocial personality disorder 父母有反社會(huì)人格疾患的問(wèn)題 – Temperament 天生氣質(zhì) – Dysfunctional parentchild interactions 父母與孩子間不良的互動(dòng) – Poverty 貧窮 – Low social support 低社會(huì)支持 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 17 Figure Etiology of Conduct Disorder 品行疾患的病因?qū)W ? Insert Figure 品行疾患的病因?qū)W 社會(huì) 心理 神經(jīng)生物 品行疾患 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 18 Etiology of Conduct Disorder (CD) 品行疾患的病因?qū)W ? Geic factors 遺傳因素 187。 Heritability likely plays a part 遺傳可能扮演一部分因素 187。 Twin study data show mixed results 雙生子研究資料呈現(xiàn)不一致的結(jié)果 187。 Adoption studies focused on criminal behavior, not conduct disorder 領(lǐng)養(yǎng)研究著重在犯罪行為，而非品行疾患的行為問(wèn)題 – Evidence for geic influence 相關(guān)證據(jù)支持遺傳影響 ? Geics and environment interact (Caspi et al., 2021) 遺傳和環(huán)境的交互影響 187。 Abuse as a child PLUS low MAOA activity most likely to develop CD 虐待孩子加上低單胺氧化酶活性很可能發(fā)展品行疾患 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 19 Etiology of Conduct Disorder (CD) 品行疾患的病因?qū)W ? Neurobiological factors 神經(jīng)生物因素 187。 Poor verbal skills 語(yǔ)文技巧不佳 187。 Difficulty with executive functioning 執(zhí)行功能的困難 187。 Low IQ 低智商 ? Psychological factors 心理因素 187。 Deficient moral development, especially lack of remorse 有缺陷的道德發(fā)展 ,特別是缺乏同情 187。 Modeling and reinforcement of aggressive behavior 攻擊行為的模仿和增強(qiáng) 187。 Harsh and inconsistent parenting 嚴(yán)格和不ㄧ致的教養(yǎng)方式 187。 Lack of parental monitoring 缺乏父母的監(jiān)控 187。 Cognitive bias (Kenh Dodge) 認(rèn)知偏誤 – Neutral acts by others perceived as hostile 將他人的中性舉動(dòng)知覺(jué)成有敵意的 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 20 Figure Dodge’s Cognitive Theory of Aggression Dodge的攻擊認(rèn)知理論 ?Insert figure 將模糊舉動(dòng)解讀成 有敵意 對(duì)他人產(chǎn)生攻擊 他人進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù) 對(duì)他人產(chǎn)生更進(jìn)ㄧ步攻擊 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 21 Etiology of Conduct Disorder (CD) 品行疾患的病因?qū)W ? Peer influence 同儕影響 187。 Acceptance or rejection by peers 被同儕接受或拒絕 187。 Affiliation with deviant peers 與有偏差行為的同儕接近 ? Sociocultural factors 社會(huì)文化因素 187。 Poverty 貧窮 187。 Urban environment 都市的環(huán)境 Copyright 2021 John Wiley amp。 Sons, NY 22 Treatment of Conduct Disorder 品行疾患的治療 ? F