【正文】 new settl ers enri ched the Engli sh l anguage and especial y i ts vocabul ary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was abl e to make use of a wider vocabul ary than ever before. In 1620 some British settl ers m oved to Ameri can. Later i n the 18th century som e Bri ti sh people were taken to Australi a too. Engl i sh began to be spoken i n both countri es. Fi nal y by the 19th century the l anguage was setl ed. At that ti me two bi g changes i n Engli sh spel ing happened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote his di cti onary and l ater N oah Webster wrote The Ameri can Di ctionary of the Engli sh Language. The latter gave a separate i denti ty to Am eri can Engli sh spel li ng. Engl ish now i s al so spoken as a forei gn or second l anguage i n South Asi a. For exam pl e, Indi a has a very l arge num ber of fluent Engli sh speakers because Bri tai n rul ed Indi a from 1765 to 1947. duri ng that tim e Engli sh becam e the l anguage for governm ent and educati on. Engl ish i s al so spoken i n Si ngapore and Mal aysi a and countri es i n Afri ca such as South Afri ca. Today the num ber of peopl e learni ng Engli sh i n Chi na is i ncreasi ng rapi dl y. In fact, China m ay have the l argest num ber of Engl ish l earners. Wi l Chi nese Engl i sh devel op i ts own i denti ty? O nl y ti me wil l tel l. STAN DARD EN GLISH AN D DIALECTS What i s standard Engl i sh? Is it spoken i n Bri tai n, the US, Canada, Austral i a, Indi a and N ew Zeal and? Bel i eve i t or not, there is no such thi ng as standard Engl i sh. Many peopl e beli eve the Engli sh spoken on TV and the radi o i s standard Engli sh. Thi s i s because i n the earl y days of radi o, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel lent Engli sh. H owever, on TV and the radi o you wi l hear di fferences i n the way peopl e speak. When peopl e use words and expressi ons di fferent from the “standard l anguage”, it is cal ed a dial ect. American Engl ish has many dial ects, especial y the Midwestern, southern, Afri can Am eri can and Spani sh di al ects. Even i n som e parts of the USA, two peopl e from nei ghbouri ng towns speak a li ttl e di fferently. Am eri can Engl i sh has so m any di alects because peopl e have e from al over the worl d. Geography al so pl ays a part in m aking di alects. Som e people who li ve i n the m ountains of the eastern USA speak wi th an ol der kind of Engl i sh dial ect. When Am eri cans m oved from one pl ace to another, they took thei r di al ects wi th them . So peopl e from the m ountains i n the southeastern USA speak wi th alm ost the sam e di al ects as peopl e i n the northwestern USA. The USA i s a l arge country i n whi ch m any di fferent di al ects are spoken. Al though many Americans move a l ot, they stil l recognize and understand each other’s dial ects. TH E O XFO RD EN GLISH DICTION ARY You m ay thi nk that Engli sh di cti onari es have been used for m any, m any centuri es. The spel li ng of Engli sh has al ways been a probl em but i t was m ore of a probl em i n the days before a di cti onary. Then peopl e coul d spel word in di fferent ways which you m i ght fi nd i t i nteresting. But i t made reading Engl ish much more di fficult. So di ctionari es were i nvented to encourage everybody to spel l the same. In fact, an Engl ish dictionary like the kind you use today wasn’t made 必修一 Uni t 1 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a fri end whom you coul d tel everythi ng to, l i ke your deepest feli ngs and thoughts? O r are you afrai d that your fri end woul d l augh at you, or woul d not understand what you are goi ng through? Anne Frank wanted the first ki nd, so she m ade her best fri end. Anne l ived i n Am sterdam in N etherl ands duri ng Woul d WarⅡ . Her fami l y was Jewi sh so they had to hi de or they woul d be caught by the Germ an N azi . She and her fam il y hi d away for nearl y twentyfive months before they were discovered. During that time the onl y true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a seri es of facts i n a di ary as m ost peopl e do , but I want this diary itsel f to be my friend, and I shal l cal l my friend Kity . ”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding pl ace si nce Jul y 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944 Dear Ki tty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been abl e to be outdoors for so l ong that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can wel remember that there was a time when a deep bl ue sky, the song of the birds, monlight and fl owers coul d never have kept me spel bound. That’s changed since I was here. …For exampl e, one eveni ng when i t was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until hal f past el even i n order to have a good l ook at the m on by m ysel f. But as the moon gave far to much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstai rs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering cl ouds hel d me entirel y in their power。 it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…. …Sadl y…I am onl y abl e to l ook at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. it’s no pl easure l ooking through these any l onger because nature is one thi ng that real l y m ust be experi enced. Your, Anne Fri day, 10 Jul y 1942 When we arri ved at Pri nsengracht, we went qui ckl y upstai rs and the hi ding pl ace. We cl osed the door behi nd us and we were al one. Margot had e faster on her bi cycl e and al ready wai ti ng for us. Al l the room s were ful of boxes. They l ay on the fl oor and the beds. The l ittl e room was fil l ed wi th bedcl othes. We had to start cl eari ng up at once, if we wi shed to sl ep i n fortabl e beds that night. Mummy and Margot were not abl e to hel p. They were tired and l ay down on their beds. But Daddy and I, the two “hel per” of t