【正文】 從句。 關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。英語中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。 如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級的)關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認識那個戴著紅帽子的男人嗎？) 關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎？) 關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎？)連接代詞：用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句、主語從句或表語從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。 英語中連接代詞主要有：what(什么),who(誰),whom(誰),which(哪個),whose(誰的)。詳見相應(yīng)從句。不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。單數(shù)含義someanynonone//each(every)oneeither,neithersothe other,another復(fù)合不定代詞不可數(shù)含義muchlittle,a littleall/////復(fù)數(shù)含義manyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others※ 注：復(fù)合不定代詞有12個：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個人), everybody(每個人). (1)some和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個”、“一些”、“某個”作定語時可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會去那兒) some 用于疑問句時,表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎？)any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個”,作定語時可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎？)any 用于肯定句時,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)(2)no和none的用法：no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時間了,請快點) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)none只能獨立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的) (3)all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞；也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。both指兩個人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個英國學(xué)生我全認識) / Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個還是那個？兩個都要。)all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)(4)every和each用法：every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個”,表示整體概念；each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個”或者“各個”,表示單個概念；each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動詞同時出現(xiàn)時要放在“be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞”之后或者行為動詞之前every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干) (5)either和neither的用法：either意思是“兩個中間的任何一個”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數(shù)。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個之中隨便哪個都行) / Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去？一個都不坐,我坐火車去。)(6)other、the other和another的用法：other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語。another意思是“另外”、“又一個”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語和定語。如： Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說話) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊？) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書)another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個時用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)上增加用another。如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢？) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。)others與the others的主要區(qū)別：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個男孩中有兩個站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)(7)many和much的用法：many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用；