【正文】 they characterize all the Industrial Revolution. One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men. Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind. The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. The universities also (there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) took little interest in modern or scientific studies。 and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England. 在修建 英國運(yùn)河 網(wǎng)的過程 中 ，有兩點(diǎn)是非常突出的 ， 而這兩點(diǎn)也正 是整個(gè)工業(yè)革命的特點(diǎn)。 首先，發(fā)動(dòng)這場(chǎng)革命的都是些實(shí)干家。同 Brindley 一樣 ，他們往往 沒 受 過什么教育。 實(shí)際上 ，當(dāng)時(shí)那種學(xué)校 教育 也只能窒息人的創(chuàng)造性 。 按規(guī)定，文法 學(xué)校 只能教授古典學(xué)科，這些學(xué)校的辦學(xué)宗旨本來就是如此 。大學(xué)們（當(dāng)時(shí)僅有兩所， 一所在牛津，一所在劍橋） 對(duì)現(xiàn)代的或自然學(xué)科 也不怎么感興趣，它們 還把不信奉英國國教的人 關(guān) 在門外 。 The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use. The canals were arteries of munication: They were not made to carry pleasures boats, but barges. And the barges were not made to carry luxuries but pots and pans and bales of cloth, boxes of ribbon, and all the mon things that people buy by the pennyworth. These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now, away from London。 it was a countrywide trade. 另一個(gè)突出的特點(diǎn)是新發(fā)現(xiàn)為日常生活所用。運(yùn)河是交通 的動(dòng)脈： 開運(yùn)河 不是用來 走游艇 ，而是 為了通行的 駁船。那些駁船 也 不是用來運(yùn)奢侈品，而是 用來運(yùn)送瓦罐鐵、成包的棉布、成箱的緞帶，及那些只花幾個(gè)便士就能買到的各式日用 品。 這些物品都是在 遠(yuǎn)離倫敦 漸漸發(fā)展起來成為城鎮(zhèn)的農(nóng)村制造的。這是一場(chǎng)全國范圍的貿(mào)易。 本資料首發(fā)自 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)說明出處。 9 Exercise 4 把下列短文譯成漢語： The Industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命 The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760. It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolution, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789. It may seem strange to put into the same packer an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. The Industrial Revolution is simple the English way of making those social changes. I think of it as the English Revolution. 工業(yè)革命從 1760 年開始了一連串的變革。它不是孤立 的：它是 三次大 革命之一 ， 其他 兩 次革命，一次 是 1775 年 開始的美國革命 ，一次是 1789 年開始的法國革命 。 把 一場(chǎng) 工業(yè)革命與兩個(gè)政治革命 歸作一類似乎有點(diǎn) 奇怪。但事實(shí)上 這些革命都是社會(huì)革命 。工業(yè)革命 僅僅是以英國模式所進(jìn)行的 社會(huì) 變革 。 于是 我 就 把它看作 英國 革命 。 What makes it especially English? Obviously, it began in England. England was already the leading manufacturing nation. But the manufacturing was cottage industry, and the Industrial Revolution begins in the villages. The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, the blacksmith. What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted to the countryside. 哪些方面顯示著英國的特色呢？ 很明顯 ， 它開始于英國，因?yàn)?英國 早 已經(jīng)成為制造 產(chǎn)業(yè)的先驅(qū)國。但制造業(yè)主要是家庭手工業(yè)。 工業(yè)革命開始于鄉(xiāng)村。 從事制造業(yè)的人稱之為工匠 ： 如磨房工匠、手表商、開鑿運(yùn)河工匠 和鐵匠。 工業(yè)革命之所以具有英國特色，是因?yàn)樗鹗加谟r(nóng)村。 During the first half of the eighteen century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and overseas trade of merchant adventures. The summer faded. Trade grew more petitive. By the end of the century the needs of industry were harsher and more pressing. The anization of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough. Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed. Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen. 18 世紀(jì)上半葉，也就是 牛頓的晚年和 皇家學(xué)會(huì)衰落的年代 ， 英國 沐浴在 農(nóng)村手工業(yè)和商人冒險(xiǎn)從事的海外貿(mào)易交織的余暉中。這種余暉漸漸消退 ， 而貿(mào)易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更加激烈 。 到 18 世紀(jì)末， 發(fā)展 工業(yè)的需求 更加迫切 。 農(nóng)村的工業(yè) 組織 已不再具有足夠多的生產(chǎn)性能。從 1760 和 1820 這兩代 人的時(shí)間里 ，工業(yè) 管理的舊方法進(jìn)行了改革 。 在 1760 年以前， 將工作布置給 村民們 ，他們一般都在自己 家 里工 。 而到 1820 年， 一般 把工人 集中在 工廠 做工，并對(duì) 他們 進(jìn)行監(jiān)督 。 本資料首發(fā)自 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)說明出處。 10 Lesson 5 Opportunities Open in the West 西部 地區(qū)的開發(fā) 機(jī)會(huì) The first great rush of population to the far west was drawn to the mountainous regions, where gold was found in California in 1884, in Colorado and Nevada 10 years later, in Montana and Wyoming in the 1860s, and in the Black Hills of the Dakota country in the 1870s. Miners opened up the country, established munities, and laid the foundations for more permanent settlements. Yet even while digging in the hills, some settlers perceived the region‘s farming and stockraising possibilities. Eventually, though a few munities continued to be devoted almost exclusively to mining, the real wealth of Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and California proved to be in the grass and soil. 大規(guī)模遷徙西部地帶的人們，大多集中在山區(qū)。 在那里， 加 州在 1884 年 發(fā)現(xiàn)了 金礦 ， 10 年 后 在科羅拉多和內(nèi)華達(dá)州， 19 世紀(jì)在蒙大拿州和懷俄明州 ， 19世紀(jì) 70 年代在達(dá)科的黑山地區(qū)都先后發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦。 采礦者 開發(fā)了這些鄉(xiāng)村、建立了村鎮(zhèn) 、 打下了長期 定居 的基礎(chǔ) 。 不過，在山區(qū)采礦的同時(shí)，有些移民已看到這些地區(qū)有從事農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)的可能。 后來雖然 少數(shù)城鎮(zhèn)專門從事采礦業(yè)，但 蒙大拿州，懷俄明州， 愛達(dá)荷州 的 真正 財(cái)富 ，也和加州一樣，還是在草原和沃土中。 Cattle raising, long an important industry in Texas, became even more flourishing after the war, when enterprising men began to drive their Texas longhorns north across the open public domain. Feeding as they went, the cattle arrived at railway shipping points in Kansas, larger and fatter than when they started. Soon this ―long drive‖ became a regular event, and, for hundreds of kilometers, trails were dotted with herds of cattle moving northward. Cattle raising spread into the trans Missouri region, and immense ranches appeared in Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakota territory. Western cities flourished as centers for the slaughter and dressing of meat. 在得克薩斯州， 養(yǎng)牛 早就是重要事業(yè) ， 戰(zhàn)后尤見繁榮， 大膽的趕牛人趕著得州的 長角牛 ，穿過開放的公共地帶 ， 向北走去。 牛群邊走邊吃，到得克薩斯州的鐵路運(yùn)輸站時(shí)，已長得比剛出發(fā)時(shí)更大更肥壯了 。不久 ，這樣的“長征 ” 就成常事了。向北移動(dòng)的牛群，在幾 百公里 的征途上 ， 留下了數(shù)不盡的足 跡。 養(yǎng)牛 業(yè)迅速超出了密蘇里地區(qū)， 在科羅拉多、懷俄明州、堪薩斯、 內(nèi)布拉斯加和達(dá)科他等地區(qū)，都出現(xiàn)了巨大的牧場(chǎng)。西部城市因成了屠宰業(yè) 和 調(diào)制 肉 類的 中心 而繁榮起來 。 Altogether, between 1866 and 1888, some six million head of cattle were driven up from Texas to winter on the high plains of Colorado,