【正文】 th?s surface.　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，定語(yǔ)從句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修飾a mass。in consequence后是另一個(gè)并列句?！　∽g文： 月球的質(zhì)量差不多是地球質(zhì)量的1/100，因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6?！　±洌?one difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. by this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (XX年第8題)　　分析： 該句由兩個(gè)句子構(gòu)成，前一個(gè)是簡(jiǎn)單句，后一個(gè)句子是復(fù)合句。that后是一賓語(yǔ)從句?！　∽g文： 翻譯中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于找到一個(gè)相對(duì)應(yīng)的概念。這就是說(shuō)，在翻譯過(guò)程中一種語(yǔ)言的概念會(huì)丟失或發(fā)生意義上的改變?！　?. 表示現(xiàn)在反復(fù)發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作以及存在的狀態(tài)，常與always，often，usually， sometimes， once a week，seldom，never等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。　　例句： it?s usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，從句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位語(yǔ)。when后省略了people are?！　∽g文： 人們?cè)诒┡瓡r(shí)通常會(huì)喪失理智?！　±洌?physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (選自XX年text 4)　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，其中主干部分為physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分詞短語(yǔ)frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定語(yǔ)。從句what is scientifically justified作介詞beyond 的賓語(yǔ)?！　∽g文： 醫(yī)生由于不能夠治愈疾病，同時(shí)又擔(dān)心病人失去希望，因而常常采用極端大膽的治療方法，這些方法遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了科學(xué)所能認(rèn)同的界限?！　?. 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，常用e，arrive，catch，fly，leave，go，start等詞?！　±洌?when he es, please inform him of all that i have just told you.　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。該復(fù)合句中包含when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?！　∽g文： 他來(lái)時(shí)，請(qǐng)轉(zhuǎn)告他我告訴你的一切?！　?. 用在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作?！　±洌?he will e the moment he finishes his work.　　分析： 該句中的the moment為連詞，意為“一……就”，相當(dāng)于as soon as?！　∽g文：他一結(jié)束工作就會(huì)來(lái)?！　±洌?if it is fine tomorrow, we?ll go shopping.　　譯文： 如果明天天氣好的話，我們將去逛商場(chǎng)?！　?. 表示主語(yǔ)的能力、性格、個(gè)性等。　　例句： as an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (XX年第25題)　　分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，surpass前省略了不定式to?！　∽g文： 作為一門(mén)產(chǎn)業(yè)，生物技術(shù)在營(yíng)業(yè)額上可以與電子業(yè)相媲美，并且到了2020年還有可能在社會(huì)影響上超過(guò)它?！　±洌?the director treats his staff as equals.　　譯文： 主任對(duì)其下屬一視同仁。　　6. 表示格言或警句。　　例句： a fence needs the support of three stakes。 an able fellow needs the help of three other people.　　譯文： 一個(gè)籬笆三個(gè)樁，一個(gè)好漢三個(gè)幫。　　例句： histories make men wise。 poets witty。 the mathematics subtle。 natural philosophy deep。 moral grave。logic and rhetoric able to contend.　　譯文： 讀史使人明智，讀詩(shī)使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯?！　?二)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(present perfect tense)　　1. 已完成用法： 表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一不明確的時(shí)間已完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，這一用法常不帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或可與不明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如： already，yet，ever，just，never?！　±洌?i have excluded him because, while his acplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (XX年第48題)　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。在because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中又加入了由while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句?！　∽g文： 我之所以將他(普通科學(xué)家)排除在外，是因?yàn)楸M管他的成果可能有助于解決道德問(wèn)題，但他承擔(dān)的任務(wù)只不過(guò)是研究這些問(wèn)題的事實(shí)方面?！　±洌簍he same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) munications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (選自XX年text 3)　　分析：該句是復(fù)合句。主句的主干部分是the same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk。that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) munications choices是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾changes。that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible, and much more damaging ways是risk的同位語(yǔ)從句，介詞短語(yǔ)in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways在該同位語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示方式，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞voice。　　譯文：同樣是這些重大的技術(shù)變革，在給營(yíng)銷商帶來(lái)更多的(以及更多樣化的)傳播渠道選擇的同時(shí)，也增加了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，那就是熱情洋溢的消費(fèi)者將會(huì)以更快、更明顯和更具破壞性的方式表達(dá)他們的觀點(diǎn)?！　?. 未完成用法： 表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還有可能持續(xù)下去，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)性，這一用法要帶表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如： recently, these days, for 3 years, since XX, over the past等?！　±洌?for example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look pletely normal.　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句?！　∽g文： 比如，人們?cè)缫阎溃耆珓儕Z其睡眠對(duì)老鼠而言絕對(duì)是致命的。然而，在檢驗(yàn)動(dòng)物尸體時(shí)，那些動(dòng)物看起來(lái)是完全正常的?！　±洌?since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (選自XX年text 2)　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。句中定語(yǔ)從句that is dangerous，boring，burdensome...修飾work， since...在句中作狀語(yǔ)?！　∽g文： 自從人類具有了獨(dú)創(chuàng)性以來(lái)，人們就發(fā)明了愈加精巧的工具來(lái)處理那些危險(xiǎn)、無(wú)聊、麻煩或者僅僅是令人討厭的工作。　　3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用于時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作?！　±洌?i?ll help you when i have finished my work. i will return the book if i have finished it.　　4. 下列表達(dá)方式后要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?！　his (that/it) is the first (second...)...　　this (that/it) is the best (finest/worst/most interesting...)...　　例句： this is the first time that china has had such negotiations with a g 7 member, the official said.　　譯文： 該官員說(shuō)，這是中國(guó)與七國(guó)集團(tuán)成員首次進(jìn)行這樣的談判。　　例句： this is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months.　　譯文： 幾個(gè)月來(lái)他第一次真正感到放松。　　注意： 如果主句動(dòng)詞表示過(guò)去時(shí)間，從句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如果主句動(dòng)詞表示將來(lái)時(shí)間，從句仍使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?！　±洌?it was the best picture that she had seen.　　it will be the best picture that she has seen.　　5. 有些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)?！　∪纾骸　p till nowso farat (for) the past (last) years　　in recent yearsup to present　　例句： for the past several years, the sunday newspaper supplement parade has featured a column called“ask marilyn”. (選自XX年text 2)　　分析： 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，其中called“ask marilyn”作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾a column?！　∽g文： 在過(guò)去的幾年里，《展示雜志》周日增刊上出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)叫做“向瑪瑞林提問(wèn)”的特色專欄。　　(三)過(guò)去完成時(shí)(past perfect tense)　　1. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻以前發(fā)生和完成的動(dòng)作，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去，常用于主從復(fù)合句中?！　±洌?she felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self，hair waved and golden，nails red and pointed. (XX年第4題)　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用的是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，所以主句只能用過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。由于主句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)felt，那么其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，即 as后的完整形式應(yīng)是as she had felt。　　譯文： 她舉止謙遜、得體，就像他當(dāng)初見(jiàn)到她時(shí)她所表現(xiàn)的那樣： 金黃色的卷發(fā)，尖尖的紅指甲?！　±洌?bolivar had received aid from haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (選自XX年use of english)　　分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。he liberated是修飾the areas的定語(yǔ)，在從句前省略了作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系 代詞which或that?！　∽g文： 玻利瓦爾接受過(guò)海地的援助，作為同報(bào)，他承諾在解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制?！　?. 用于hardly...when， scarcely...when(before)， no sooner...than(剛一……就)句型中。當(dāng)hardly，scarcely，no soone