【正文】 has gone to(去了某地,指人還在那里), have been to(去過某地, 人已經(jīng)不在那里了)。u用過去分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合句，用語較正式的文體，代替被動語態(tài)，Wounded in the war, his are can not move in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of ，不定式表示目的：To buy a new car, the young man saved up for went into the garden to pick some ：名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同謂語從句），關(guān)系從句（定語從句），狀語從句（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，條件，方式，目的，結(jié)果，比較，讓步）： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win 形容詞變副詞： 1．直接在形容詞后加ly，carefulcarefully, slowslowly，2． 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變I, 加ly, happyhappily, luckyluckily3． 有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化 fast, hard, late4． 有些詞加上ly后意思與原詞相差很遠(yuǎn)： nearnearly, highhighly, latelately，：一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall, any的用法nsome, any 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當(dāng)期待對方的答案為肯定回答時(shí)用somenmany修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, have a lot of don’t have much 當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞在詞組中表示主要目的時(shí)不要定冠詞：in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university，go to school/church/work/ go to the cinema/theatrenmost表示大多數(shù)或非常：Most students came to class are most most是many/much的比較級，或者構(gòu)成形容詞副詞的比較級，只能表示最多或用在形容詞或副詞前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever have the most books in my would do 表示過去習(xí)慣的動作，也可以用來表示過去經(jīng)常性的行為，與used to do有時(shí)可以替換。I used to be a used to have a would walk along the river everyday after ，只能用used to do或者一般過去時(shí)：When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema).I would sit there for to do(過去常常做某事)/be used to doing（習(xí)慣做某事）：很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great manyhandsome/beautiful/pretty/goodlooking reach/arrivetake part in/take place ：at表示某個(gè)具體的位置 in表示在。Spring is am leaving Beijing in two ’m meeting a guest this ：car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg：將來完成時(shí)，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來完成時(shí) cost/price/value：過去完成時(shí)/過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) check/control great/big soil/ground（祈使句）祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語要根據(jù)語氣來選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother mother asked me to close the : advise, ask, beg, mand(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbidinsist/suggest/order/demand后要用虛擬語態(tài)should+do，should 可以省略 He insisted that we should stay for （過去條件句的虛擬）（見虛擬語態(tài)總結(jié)）draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off：1． Must/have to do表示必須做某事，must表示現(xiàn)在和將來，have to do 可以用在任何時(shí)態(tài)2． Should do/ought to do都可以表示應(yīng)該做某事，ought to do語氣更強(qiáng)，一般用在肯定句。I should have told you the news ought to have known the ． Could have done表示本能夠做某事而沒做。常見的有：family, crew, government, staff, class：managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing 表示沒成功做某事：did not manage to do, wasn’t able to do, didn’t succeed in doing couldn’t do, tried to do could do表示可能做某事 nsay:表示說，講時(shí)，后面不能跟間接賓語，如果加用間接賓語加to，say ，背誦 表達(dá)思想，意見 表示據(jù)說詞組：say a good word, say a prayer ntell:表示說，講后面可跟雙賓語, tell （實(shí)話，謊話，秘密）辨別，分辨說出時(shí)間 ：有些動詞和形容詞詞組后要加動名詞：nadmit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggestnlook forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst outnopposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in addition to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get tonbe busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing動名詞完成式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：having been done 當(dāng)一個(gè)行為動作由另一個(gè)行為動作緊跟著時(shí)，第一個(gè)動作可以用after doing,來表達(dá)，動名詞完成式強(qiáng)調(diào)第一個(gè)行為動作在第二個(gè)行為動作開始之前完成。The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent ． Which可以指代前面的一句話He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t ． 與限定性定語從句的區(qū)別，限定性定語從句是對先行詞修飾限定，如果沒有定語從句整個(gè)句子的意思就會改變，而非限定性從句只是起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，去掉以后不影響句意。（所有人）., on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep ：1． 條件句中的倒裝,（見虛擬語態(tài)）2． 否定意義的副詞放在句首，整個(gè)句子要倒裝：never, seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasionHardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film ． Only+ 狀語，only after, only thenOnly in this way could I finish the work after he had taken off his hat did I recognize off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the average/on any account/on second thoughts , clothing, clothes，salute, greet, clear/clean：特性——形狀，大小，長短——顏色——名詞 a beautiful broad red carpet a small blue case an ugly long face laugh/laugh at wash/wash up, if, although, until, when, while引導(dǎo)，可以省略主語和系動詞Though(he is)poor, he is satisfied with his (you are)invited, you should not she(is in need), she will borrow money from her ，動名詞或從句時(shí)如果后面有賓語補(bǔ)語，必須用it做形式主語，think, find, feel, consider, makeHe thought it easy to pass the feel if right that he should be think it wrong for people to behave like …to的用法 to/enough的區(qū)別 of1． Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（與in介詞相反）2． Out of breath/work/pring/cash/stock（沒有，不足）3． Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)Enough/fairlyEnough: 修飾形容詞或副詞/修飾名詞/做代詞使用 out of/run after/run over/run in/run into 連接的兩個(gè)名詞如果作為一個(gè)整體出現(xiàn)則用單數(shù)謂語動詞needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash for/make out/make up/make up for +be+ 主語so/neither+助動詞+ 主語 so/neither+情態(tài)動詞+ 主語 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), do, does/am, is, are 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí), am, is, are 一般過去時(shí), did現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), have, has 一般將來時(shí), will, shall, 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，was, were 過去完成時(shí)，had 過去將來時(shí), would ：重音在第一個(gè)音節(jié)上為名詞，重音在第二個(gè)音節(jié)為動詞：present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit：appear:強(qiáng)調(diào)觀察者的主觀看法 He appears to want to appears as if she would appears like a king.(別人覺得他像)seem：根據(jù)某種跡象得出一種結(jié)論或看法 It seems to seems like a king.(他的外表舉止給人感覺像)look：根據(jù)外表推斷He looks like a king.（他看起來像，但實(shí)際不是