【正文】 的生理功能目前還無法做到 , 器官的體外保存和維持仍是器官移植中的難題。 〔 4〕最大的障礙來自于倫理學(xué)問題，特別是 ES細(xì)胞應(yīng)用受到倫理、法律、宗教以及社會因素的強(qiáng)烈反對，有些國家甚至明令禁止進(jìn)行人類 ES細(xì)胞研究。 47 第四十七頁，共七十四頁。 目前研究的成體干細(xì)胞 〔 Adult Stem Cells〕 Bone Marrow Heamatopoietic Stem Cells( HSC ) Peripheral Blood Stem Cells ( PBSC ) Fetal Liver Stem Cells Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells Neural Stem Cells “ Studies suggest that stem cells in different adult tissues may be more similar than previously thought and perhaps in some cases have a developmental repertoire close to that of ES cells. 〞 Science, Volume 288, Number 5471, Issue of 2 Jun 2024, pp. 1660 1663 49 第四十九頁，共七十四頁。 造血干細(xì)胞作為干細(xì)胞研究 與應(yīng)用的突破口 1. 造血細(xì)胞是細(xì)胞增殖分化的最佳答案模型。 3. 造血干細(xì)胞增殖及向各系分化的重要誘導(dǎo)因 子、受體、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)、微環(huán)境等因素較為清楚。 51 第五十一頁，共七十四頁。 CLP, mon lymphoid progenitor。 however, the term 39。 cells in mon usage usually refers to monocytes and neutrophils. 52 第五十二頁，共七十四頁。 Isolation of Primary and Immortalized CD34– Hematopoietic and Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Various Sources Stem Cells, Vol. 18, No. 1, 19, January 2024 54 第五十四頁，共七十四頁。 Liver from Bone Marrow in Humans。 Cell Differentiation: Hepatocytes from NonHepatic Adult Stem Cells。 Study of Transplants Shows a Transformation。 BBC, July 19, 2024. 5, Neil Theise et al.。 Hepatology 31, 235240, January, 2024. 6, Bryon Petersen et al.。 Science 284, 11681170。 五、人類干細(xì)胞研究的應(yīng)用 1. ES系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為基因功能研究的有效手段 2. ES細(xì)胞系建立后，可從最根本上揭示人及 動物發(fā)育過程中的決定基因 3. ES細(xì)胞可作為評價新藥及化學(xué)產(chǎn)品的毒性 及效能的檢測系統(tǒng) 4. ES細(xì)胞有可能成為今后細(xì)胞替代療法和組 織器官移植的最佳答案來源 56 第五十六頁，共七十四頁。 Successful Trial of Gene Therapy in France Uses “ Adult〞 Stem Cells Science 288, 669672, April 28, 2024. French researchers recently reported what appears to be the first successful trial of human gene therapy, boosting the immune systems of two infants with severe bined immunodeficiency by injecting them with their own stem cells containing a normal copy of the gene that they lacked. Researchers removed stem cells from the infants’ bone marrow, added a working copy of the gene to the cells’ DNA, and injected the repaired stem cells back into the infants (8 and 11 months old at the time of treatment) 58 第五十八頁，共七十四頁。 60 第六十頁，共七十四頁。 Neural Stem Cells Able to Repair Damage Throughout Brain Sciences USA 96, 70297034, June 8, 1999 In studies with mice, neural stem cells have been shown to globally replace damaged brain tissue. The study, performed by researchers at Harvard Medical School, involved transplanting neural stem cells from born mice into the brains of “ shiverer〞 mice, a model for Parkinson’ s and similar central nervous system diseases. The neural stem cells were able to migrate throughout the brain to repair damaged tissue. Treated mice showed a decrease in tremors. 62 第六十二頁，共七十四頁。 64 第六十四頁，共七十四頁。 65 第六十五頁，共七十四頁。 67 第六十七頁，共七十四頁。 69 第六十九頁，共七十四頁。 七、干細(xì)胞應(yīng)用的法律、 倫理道德問題 71 第七十一頁，共七十四頁。s cloning ban will still allow stem cell experiments Nature 404, 321 (2024) [LONDON] European panel rejects creation of human embryos for research Nature 408, 277 (2024) 72 第七十二頁，共七十四頁。 內(nèi)容總結(jié) 第七章。正常 ES細(xì)胞染色體正常，如發(fā)生異常那么其很難發(fā)育分化形成動物個體。此桑胚胚或囊胚成為別離 ES細(xì)胞的常用材料。 73 第七十四頁，共七十