【正文】 The Ultimate 6 ? The Big Q ? Effectiveness: 90 (上述品質(zhì)系統(tǒng)均於 80年代末期開展出 ) ※ 6 ? The Ultimate 6 ?將是一趨勢 ? 2. 6 ? Overview ? 6 ?, the way to create profit. Sigma Improve Customer Satisfaction Profits increase Defects Decrease costs Decrease ? 6 ? History (1) Something must be wrong 1975 Motorola TV business failed due to poor profit and sold to a Japanese Company Assign corporate quality offices 1980 Corporate movement “ Great Quality Awakening” program 1981 Focus on Quality and Total Customer Satisfaction (TCS) ? 6 ? History (2) Establish Motorola Training Education Center 1981 Launch Quality System Review (QSR) program 1982 5 years, 10Quality improvement goal set 6? theory and concept initialized 1986 Bill Smith Mikel Harry presented the idea to CEO Galvin ? 6 ? History (3) Quantitative Operation Quality Initiative 1987 Motorola Texas Instrument Businesswide Strategic Management 1995 Nokia, GE, Allied Signal, Hitachi, Panasonic, Sony, Whirlpool, Honeywell, Boeing, Dupont ? 6 ? Innovation Modeling ? (3ccustomer, petitor, pany) ? (3eexcitation, employment, entertainment) ? (3pproduct, process, person) Innovation Box Change of Business Situation (3C) Object (3P) Method (3E) Purpose . Profit . SkillUp ? The Many Aspects of 6 ? Tool Symbol Metric Method Value Goal Vision Benchmark Philosophy ? 6 ? as a MetricThe high level of sigma, the lower the probability of producing a defect. Spec. Limit Target Limit Some Chance of Defect ? 3 ? Spec. Limit Target Limit Much Less Chance of Defect ? 6 ? ? 6 ? as a Metric 1 691,500 2 308,537 3 66,807 4 6,210 5 233 6 (Shifted ?) From 3? process to 6? process: about 20,000 times improvement 6? DPMO ? 如何 6 ? 導(dǎo)入 ? 一般來說， 從 3 ? 到 4 ? 階段 ，是企業(yè)可以自行改善的範圍 ，但這樣的品質(zhì)標準並沒有辦法讓企業(yè)變得很有競爭力； ? 從 4 ? 到 5 ? 階段 ，就必須找尋可以 學(xué)習(xí)的標竿企業(yè) (Benchmarking)，當成比較與學(xué)習(xí)的對象； 而 5 ? 到 6 ? 階段時，品質(zhì)就已經(jīng)不是製造出來的，而是設(shè)計出來的 (DFSSDesign for Six Sigma)。 Work Breakdown Tool ? D1 Validate Business Opportunity。 ? VOC, VOB, QFD ? D3 Project Planning。 GE公司未來都要在其中一個圓圈內(nèi)。圓圈外的的事業(yè)將被整頓、關(guān)閉或出售。 ? Define Steps (3) Select Target Product/Service Analysis Business Process Analysis Core Process Identify Customer Listen to VOC Specify Customer Requirement Select CTQ (Big Y) Specify CTQ (Small Y) Evaluate Potential Projects Select Project Build Effective Team ? Define Steps (4) ? CTQ Critical to Quality ? 只要是顧客要求的 ， 就是關(guān)鍵品質(zhì)(CTQ)。 CTQ係任何會直接影響顧客對產(chǎn)品 /服務(wù)品質(zhì)觀感之因素 。 『 新點子 』 要採納『 外部觀點 』 (Outsidein Perspective)，即從顧客的眼光來看企業(yè)或組織的一切 。 Work Breakdown Tool ? M1 Specify Project。 ? Measurement System Analysis, Gage RR ? M3 Identify Sigma Level。 ? Anything that results in nonconformance) ? DPO: Defect per Opportunity ? DPMO: Defect per Million Opportunities ? Example of Sigma calculation: Discrete Data ? Case (1): Over the last several years, you have collected data on trips to the airport. Of the 100 trips sampled, you have missed only 5 flights. If you indicate this situation as Sigma level, what will it be? ? Sol. DPU = DPO =5/100 = ? = , Z = ? ? level = Z + = + = Case (2). An accounting term conducted an internal audit for the financial report of year 2023 and they observed 25 nonconforming record. There were 2 steps of probable incorrect entry identified in the process and the total observation was 25,000 records. What is DPO? What is DPMO? What is Sigma level of financial reporting process? ? Sol. DPU = 25/25000, DPO = 25/(2*25000) =, DPMO = *10^6 =2023 ? 1 = , Z = ? ? level = Z + = + = ? Example of Sigma calculation: ? Continuous Data(1) 1 ? Mean Median Mode 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 + ? ? Normal Distribution with mean = 100 and std. = 10 ? Continuous Data(2) (1) Mathematical Model； (2) Continuous； (3) Smooth；(4) Symmetrical。 Work Breakdown Tool ? A1 Set up Improvement Goal。 ? Pareto, Brainstorming, Cause Effect Diagram, Logic Tree ? A3 Verify Potential Causes。 Work Breakdown Tool ? I1 Identify Vital Few。 ? Optimizing DOE(RSM), Solution Selection Matrix ? I3 Set Up Operating Window。 Work Breakdown Tool ? C1 Identify Control Capability。 ? Control Plan, Control Chart ? C3 Link to Management System