【正文】 ding fewer books and watching more television and films instead, it does not necessarily mean that culture is in decline. Television and film are simply modern forms of cultural expression that are also intellectually stimulating and directly relevant to contemporary life. Finally, the lecturer admits a decline in audience and support of literature in today39。s family is of Jane Austen herself when she was a teenager. However, the lecturer rejects such evidence and argues that the painting could not be a portrait of Jane Austen. First, the lecturer argues that the portrait was approved for publication by the Austen family 70 years after Jane Austen39。s birth, indicating that the portrait was of someone else who was much older than the teenage Jane Austen. TPO 13： The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved in the booming business of mercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences. The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading—that private collectors keep their fossil collections away from the public. She contends that the mercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition. The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museum from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot pete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the mercial market at a price, so the academic munity does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils. Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading. The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort these individuals have made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered. TPO 14： The lecturer and the reading passage hold pletely different views toward the practice of salvage logging, which is the removal of dead trees from a forest after a fire or a storm. First, the lecturer states that removing dead trees is not good for the health of a forest because it deprives it of the nutrients necessary for future tree growth, which dead trees release into the soil as they depose. In contrast, the reading passage states that removing old trees provides more space in which new generations of fresh trees can grow more healthily. Second, the lecturer argues that some insects and birds that inhabit dead trees are beneficial for tree growth, and a few that are thought to be harmful have shown no evidence of causing significant damage to the forest. So by eliminating both harmful and beneficial birds and insects, salvage logging may cause unwanted damage to the forest in the long run. The reading, however, mentions only harmful insects and the spruce bark beetle in particular. It points out that because clearing the forest of dead trees also destroys the habitat of these harmful insects, it ensures the healthy recovery of a forest after a fire. Finally with regard to economic impact, the lecturer argues against salvage logging because the dead trees can only be salvaged at a very high cost, and the employment associated with salvage logging is often temporary and taken by nonnative residents. On the other hand, the reading argues that this practice provides many industries with the wood necessary to sustain their production and offer employment opportunities to local people. TPO 15： The lecturer argues against the three measures mentioned in the reading passage to reduce the population of the cane toad, a species introduced to the Australian continent. The lecturer argues that the first measure, a national fence, would not prevent the flow of streams or rivers and, therefore, would allow young toads or toad eggs to travel to the other side of the fence. The reading passage, however, argues that such a fence would effectively cut off the Route that animals use to establish colonies and expand in population. Regarding the second measure, recruiting a large group of volunteers, the lecturer explains that volunteers often have difficulty distinguishing between cane toads and native frogs, an endangered species. Therefore, volunteers might kill members of both species. The Reading passage gives the opposite view. Organizing a large group of volunteers to join an extermination campaign would speed the destruction of cane toads. Finally the lecturer objects to the third measure—using an infectious virus. She points out that a virus intended to eliminate Australi