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故該責(zé)備誰?(特殊疑問句who作主語語序不變。在否定句或疑問句中,要用can’t和can。What do you think this letter can mean?你認(rèn)為這封信意味著什么?It can’t be Father. He hasn’t returned from work.那不可能是爸爸。③must表示偏要、偏偏 在疑問句中must可以用來表示一個(gè)人較強(qiáng)烈的感情。在疑問句和否定句中要用can和can’t。她肯定出去了。She can’t have gone away, for her money belt still sits on her desk.她不可能出遠(yuǎn)門了,她的錢包還在桌子上呢。A.征求對方的意見或請求用于第一、第三人稱的疑問句中,表示說話人征求對方的意見或請求。B.表示許諾、警告等用于第二、第三人稱,表示說話人給對方的許諾、命令、警告、威脅等。Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice.告訴杰瑞如果他表現(xiàn)好的話,他就會得到一份禮物。C.表示“應(yīng)”、“必須”用于第三人稱,在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定中“應(yīng)”、“必須”。The National Party Congress shall be held every five years.黨的全國代表大會每五年舉行一次。②should的用法should作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)的各種形式與作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)的形式相同。. Lee asked if he should get his visa tomorrow.李先生問明天能否可以拿到簽證。C.要求對方給自己提出意見用來提供幫助、提出建議,要求對方給出意見?!痵 surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack.瑪麗竟然愛像杰克這樣的人,真是奇怪。E.表示可能性表示很大的可能性,常譯為“按道理說應(yīng)該”。It’s already 10. She promised to e by 10. She should be here at any moment.已經(jīng)10點(diǎn)了,她答應(yīng)10點(diǎn)之前來的。F.should have done表示“本該” should have invited me to the party yesterday. I had expected you to.昨天你應(yīng)邀請我來參加宴會的。Jim shouldn’t have done all the work within one day. There was still time.吉姆本不該把所有的工作一天全做完的。③ought to的用法 ought to的否定形式為ought not to或oughtn’t[5Ctnt] to,其一般疑問句形式是將ought置于主語前。 ought to stop polluting nature.人類應(yīng)停止污染大自然了。用法比較:ought to與shouldought to與should用法差別細(xì)微。 should/ought to go and see Mary some time.你應(yīng)該找個(gè)時(shí)間去看看瑪麗。B.表示很大的可能性。C.與動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式連用,表示本來該做某事而沒做。你本該早來五分鐘的。(5)will,would的用法①表示意愿表示自愿做或主動(dòng)提出做什么,如意志、愿望或決心等。.—Can someone help me?有人能幫一下忙嗎?—I will.我來幫你。注意:作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的will,would與作助動(dòng)詞的will,would的形式相同但意義差別很大。would比will更客氣、委婉。Would you open the window, please? I feel it is a little stuffy in here.你愿意打開窗戶嗎?我感到這里有點(diǎn)兒悶。You will regret forever if you lose this golden chance.錯(cuò)過這次大好機(jī)會,你注定會懊悔的。 old man is strange. He will sit for hours without saying anything.這位老人很奇怪。We would sit around Grandpa after supper, listening to his stories.過去晚飯后我們總會坐在爺爺周圍,聽他講故事。其否定形式為usedn’t[5ju:snt] to或didn’t use[ju:s] to。 used to work in a hospital, didn’t he/usedn’t he?他過去曾在一家醫(yī)院工作,是不是?He didn’t use to be so careless.他過去沒這么粗心。 would feel lost whenever she got into trouble.一遇到困難,她總是感到失落。I used to be very fond of music when I was young.我年輕時(shí)很愛聽音樂。 are to discuss the report next Wednesday.我們將在下周三討論這個(gè)報(bào)告。②表示“必須”,相當(dāng)于should和ought to。The magazines and newspapers are not to be taken out of the reading room.這些雜志和報(bào)紙不準(zhǔn)帶出閱覽室。③用于第一人稱的疑問句中,表示詢問對方該如何辦。 we are to be at the station by 9 o’clock, we must leave right now.如果我們要想在9點(diǎn)之前趕到那里,我們現(xiàn)在必須就走。⑤be to have done表示“本打算干”。⑥用來表示目的。⑦作表語,表示主語的工作、性質(zhì)等狀況。My idea is to lay aside all the affairs right today.我的觀點(diǎn)就是今天把所有的事情都放一下。但是be about to與它們有一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別,就是它表達(dá)的是最近的將來,意思相當(dāng)于be on the point of doing或be just going to,意為“即將,馬上”。I was about to speak, but Mary spoke first.我正要講話,但瑪麗先開口說了。He was about to dive when he saw the shark.他正要潛入水中,這時(shí)他看到了鯊魚。We are about to start off at six.()We are starting off at six.(√)We will start off at six.(√)(9)had better的用法 主要用來表示勸告或建議,had better后直接跟動(dòng)詞原形?!痙 better try it again if you fail this time.如果你這次失敗了,你最好再試一次。特別提示:had better的否定式和疑問式: had better not quarrel with your neighbors whatever happens.不管發(fā)生了什么,你最好不要和鄰居吵鬧。.—Need I tell him everything that’s happened to his parents?我需要告訴他有關(guān)他父母發(fā)生的一切嗎?—Yes, you must./No, you needn’t.是的,需要。You needn’t be told twice about one thing.同一件事不必告訴你兩遍。 need to go to Beijing this Sunday to attend a book fair。—Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?—我有必要把電話和地址留下嗎?—Yes, you need to.(No, you don’t need to.)是的。③needn’t have done表示本沒有必要做而做了。need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別:(11)dare的用法①作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare多用于疑問句、否定句、條件句中。You will be punished if you dare break the rules。注意:I dare say已成為習(xí)慣說法,它的意思由于經(jīng)常使用已經(jīng)弱化為“也許、我想”。②作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,有人稱和數(shù)的變化,肯定式中要跟帶to的不定式,而在否定式或疑問式中的不定式符號to可要可不要。This student doesn’t dare (to) raise any question in class.在課堂上這個(gè)學(xué)生不敢提出任何問題。助動(dòng)詞主要有be,do,have,shall,will等。構(gòu)成被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)The glass was broken by Annie.玻璃是被安妮打碎的。have構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)We have known each other for years.我們相互認(rèn)識多年了。加強(qiáng)語氣She does love pop music.她的確喜歡流行音樂。shall用于第一人稱構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)態(tài)I shall leave for Canada tomorrow.明天我要去加拿大。(1)be的用法 be用作助動(dòng)詞和其他連系動(dòng)詞一樣,有各種變化形式。I was having dinner when my friend phoned me from Australia.我朋友從澳大利亞打來電話時(shí)我在吃飯。The work has already been finished.工作已經(jīng)做完了。③與其他代詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu) is the only one who will listen to you.她是僅有的一個(gè)能聽進(jìn)去你說話的人。(2)have的用法 助動(dòng)詞have的各種形式如下表所示: 助動(dòng)詞have與過去分詞構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。I had read this book long before it reached China.在來到中國之前很久我就讀過這本書了。Do you often carry a camera?你經(jīng)常帶著照相機(jī)嗎?I didn’t know you were ing until Friday.直到星期五我才知道你要來。注意:助動(dòng)詞do,does可以構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問式;did可以構(gòu)成一般過去時(shí)的否定式、疑問式。其主要形式如下表所示:①will用于一般將來時(shí)態(tài)的各種人稱’ll meet at the same place we did last time.我們將在上次見面的地方相會。②would用于過去將來時(shí)態(tài)的各種人稱,主要用于賓語從句和間接引語。My parents phoned me that they would e soon.我父母打電話告訴我說他們很快就會來。Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this summer.或許今年夏天我將去英格蘭旅行。④should用于過去將來時(shí)態(tài)的第一人稱,這里不是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。The BBC weather report this morning said that we should have rain.BBC今天早晨的天氣預(yù)報(bào)說會有雨。 shall,should用于第一人稱表示單純的將來時(shí),在現(xiàn)代英語中分別用will,would代替。注意動(dòng)詞加副詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,it, them作賓語,放在副詞之前。call on = visit 拜訪 care for = like 喜歡 go by = pass 經(jīng)過keep on = continue 繼續(xù) bring up = educate 教育 set out = start 開始ring up = telephone 打電話2.短語動(dòng)詞的及物性(1)及物的短語動(dòng)詞①“動(dòng)詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)一般是及物動(dòng)詞,后面常常帶賓語。③“動(dòng)詞+其他詞+介詞”常用作及物動(dòng)詞catch up with 趕上 take care of 照顧be fond of 喜歡 make use of 利用(2)不及物的短語動(dòng)詞①部分“動(dòng)詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用作不及物動(dòng)詞e on 加油 e along 一起來 move on 繼續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)移fall behind 落后 grow up 長大 set out 出發(fā)set off 出發(fā) stay up 熬夜 look back 回頭看e up 出現(xiàn) be in 在家 be out 不在家be over 結(jié)束 go ahead 前進(jìn)、進(jìn)行 go out 出去Look out! There’s danger ahead.當(dāng)心!前面危險(xiǎn)。有一點(diǎn)同學(xué)們心中要清楚,表示肯定的推測用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“must+be”,表示否定的推測用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can’t+be”?!皠偛盼铱匆娝嚼蠋煹霓k公室去了。答案是can’t be。由于動(dòng)詞后面的詞是副詞,所以當(dāng)賓語是代詞“it,them”時(shí),通常將賓語放在副詞之前?!薄敖涞簟庇胓ive up。”“聽起來”用sound