【正文】
國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)集中統(tǒng)一的監(jiān)管制度是在1998年之后建立起來(lái)的,《證券法》的實(shí)施為資本市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管提供了法律基礎(chǔ),法制手段逐步成為市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管的主要手段之一,監(jiān)管制度是資本市場(chǎng)功能發(fā)揮和效率提高的根本保證。首先,保護(hù)投資者利益是一種全面的保護(hù),不僅僅是保護(hù)市場(chǎng)融資主體的融資利益,在市場(chǎng)功能不完善的情況下,弱勢(shì)團(tuán)體的利益更需要保護(hù),保護(hù)投資者利益的目的是維護(hù)市場(chǎng)的“三公”原則,優(yōu)化資源配置,提高效率,當(dāng)行為人不能有效運(yùn)作而損害其他主體利益時(shí),懲戒、退出是必然的,保護(hù)投資者利益是一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期任務(wù),不僅僅是資本市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管部門的任務(wù),需要監(jiān)管部門、國(guó)資部門、各級(jí)政府、財(cái)政、稅務(wù)等部門的協(xié)調(diào)配合。最后,現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)面臨的最大系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就是股權(quán)分置等市場(chǎng)規(guī)范問(wèn)題的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這也是全面落實(shí)“國(guó)九條”的真正難點(diǎn)所在,從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,股權(quán)分置等問(wèn)題的解決宜早不宜遲,既應(yīng)考慮市場(chǎng)的承受能力也應(yīng)考慮市場(chǎng)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展,遵循尊重歷史、穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)、利益風(fēng)險(xiǎn)合理分擔(dān)的原則,切實(shí)保護(hù)中小投資者利益。一是進(jìn)一步完善市場(chǎng)化的調(diào)控手段,尊重市場(chǎng)客觀規(guī)律,對(duì)各項(xiàng)政策的具體實(shí)施手段、實(shí)施力度和時(shí)機(jī)選擇予以充分重視,以達(dá)到合意的政策效果。目前與證券市場(chǎng)相關(guān)的監(jiān)管部門除了證監(jiān)會(huì)、證券交易所之外,保監(jiān)會(huì)、銀監(jiān)會(huì)和人民銀行也對(duì)其有很大的影響,各部門之間的監(jiān)管工作需要加強(qiáng)信息交流、協(xié)調(diào)監(jiān)管,以保證貨幣市場(chǎng)、證券市場(chǎng)和保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)三者的資金可以有序地相互融通,互促發(fā)展并控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。沒(méi)有參與到國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的證券市場(chǎng)始終是存在缺陷的。中國(guó)己經(jīng)加入了WTO ,中國(guó)證券市場(chǎng)逐漸開(kāi)放,這也會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)的證券市場(chǎng)提出相應(yīng)的要求,只有適應(yīng)國(guó)際規(guī)則,我們才能順利地實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)際化。力爭(zhēng)做到:國(guó)有股流通和減持得到推進(jìn),國(guó)內(nèi)證券市場(chǎng)非流通股比重較高的現(xiàn)象應(yīng)得到改觀;上市公司的綜合素質(zhì)得到較大提升,中國(guó)企業(yè)海外上市的規(guī)模和速度達(dá)到一定水平;國(guó)內(nèi)證券公司的海外業(yè)務(wù)逐步推進(jìn);QFII制度得到進(jìn)一步推廣,QDII制度逐步得到實(shí)施,且管制的程度逐步降低;證券業(yè)務(wù)的對(duì)外開(kāi)放與合作得到一定程度的發(fā)展,國(guó)內(nèi)券商等中介機(jī)構(gòu)做到優(yōu)勝劣汰;金融創(chuàng)新有序發(fā)展,證券市場(chǎng)的層次也更加豐富。這一階段不僅是開(kāi)放的初級(jí)階段,更是中國(guó)證券市場(chǎng)利用保護(hù)期的時(shí)間盡快完善和成熟的階段。我認(rèn)為這樣的理論是無(wú)法應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐的,因?yàn)檎径疾恢侥且环N觀點(diǎn)是正確的,也就是說(shuō)更能適合中國(guó)的國(guó)情,使改革的力度、發(fā)展的速度和人們可以接受的程度相協(xié)調(diào)。這也正是我寫此論文的意圖所在,此文不僅包含了當(dāng)前眾多知名專家、學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn),而且還有本人根據(jù)中國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)的現(xiàn)狀從別的行業(yè)中借鑒來(lái)的理論、方法,但愿能對(duì)我國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)的改革與發(fā)展起到一定的推動(dòng)作用。 這些新發(fā)行的股票,債券,或者其他證券通常是通過(guò)投資銀行銷售給公眾,這就是所謂的初級(jí)市場(chǎng)。 首次公開(kāi)發(fā)行,或者IOPs,就是股票由一家以前私有性質(zhì)的公司第一次出售給公眾。 例如,IBM公司的新股份的一次銷售,將形成一個(gè)周期性的新發(fā)行。 and a private placement, which is an issue that is sold to a few wealthy or institutional investors at most, and, in the case of bonds, is generally held to maturity.我們也可以分清兩類初級(jí)市場(chǎng)上發(fā)行方式: 一是公開(kāi)報(bào)價(jià)(公募發(fā)行),是一股票或債券的發(fā)行給一般的投資公眾,然后它能在二級(jí)市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行交易; 另一種是私募發(fā)行, 那是最大限度地對(duì)一些富有的或者機(jī)構(gòu)投資者發(fā)行,就債券而論, 一般被持有到期。 不止一位投資銀行家通常一起銷售證券。The bankers advise the firm regarding the terms on which it should attempt to sell the securities. A preliminary registration statement must be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) describing the issue and the prospects of the pany. This preliminary prospectus is known as a red herring because of a statement printed in red that the pany is not attempting to sell the security before the registration is approved. When the statement is finalized and approved by SEC, it is called the prospectus. At this time the price at which the securities will be offered to the public is announced.那些銀行建議公司應(yīng)該按照條件來(lái)試圖發(fā)行證券。 這個(gè)初步的公開(kāi)說(shuō)明書因用紅色印刷而有被稱為紅鯡魚(yú)。In a typical underwriting arrangement bankers purchase the securities from the issuing pany and then resell them to the public. The issuing firm sells the securities to the underwriting syndicate for the public offering price less a spread that serves as pensation to the underwriters. This procedure is called a firm mitment. The underwriters receive the issue and assume the full risk that the shares cannot in fact be sold to the public at the stipulated offering price.在一個(gè)典型的承銷安排中,投資銀行從發(fā)行公司那里購(gòu)買證券,然后轉(zhuǎn)賣給公眾。那些承銷人得到發(fā)行權(quán),并且承擔(dān)股票實(shí)際上不能被以被規(guī)定的開(kāi)價(jià)出售給公眾的全部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 這樣的話就是投資銀行同意幫助那些公司把那些發(fā)行的證券銷售給公眾,但是其自己并不實(shí)際上購(gòu)買那些證券。 最大努力的發(fā)行程序?qū)τ谄胀ü傻淖畛豕_(kāi)發(fā)行更普遍,因?yàn)楹线m的股票價(jià)格是不那么確定。 談判是為更普遍。Shelf Registration暫擱注冊(cè)A important innovation in the method of issuing securities was introduced in 1982, when the SEC approved Rule415, which allows firms to register securities and gradually sell them to the public for two years after the initial registration. Because the securities are already registered, they can be sold on short notice with little additional paperwork. In addition, thy can be sold in small amounts without incurring substantial flotation costs. The securities are “on the shelf,” ready to be issued, which has given rise to the term shelf registration. 在1982年,證券發(fā)行的方法方面的一個(gè)重要的革新被引進(jìn), 證交會(huì)批準(zhǔn)415號(hào)規(guī)定,這允許公司注冊(cè)證券,并且可以在最初登記兩年之后逐漸把它們出售給公眾。 另外,它們的出售因?yàn)闆](méi)有基本的浮動(dòng)費(fèi)用就是成本降低到一個(gè)很小數(shù)目。Private Placement 私募發(fā)行Primary offering can also be sold in a private rather than public offering. In this case, the firm (using an investment banker) sells shares directly to a small group of institutional or wealthy investors. Private placements can be far cheaper than public offerings. This is because Rule144A of the SEC allows corporations to make these placements without preparing the extensive and costly registration statements required of a public offering. On the other hand, because private placements are not made available to the general public, they generally will be less suited for very larger offerings. Moreover, private placements do not trade in secondary markets such as stock exchange. This greatly reduces their liquidity and presumable reduces the prices that investors will pay for the issue.主要發(fā)行證券也能被在私人而不是公開(kāi)銷售里出售。 私募可能比公開(kāi)發(fā)行便宜得多,這是因?yàn)樽C交會(huì)的144A規(guī)定允許公司做這些安排而沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備對(duì)普通民眾需要的廣大和昂貴的注冊(cè)報(bào)告書。此外,私募發(fā)行不能在二級(jí)市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行交易,如股票市場(chǎng)。Initial Public Offerings首次公開(kāi)發(fā)行Investment bankers manage the issuance of new securities to the public. Once the SEC has mented on the registration statement and a preliminary prospectus has been distributed to interested investors, the investment bankers organize road shows in which they travel around the country to publicize the imminent offering. These road shows serve two purposes. First, they attract potential investors and provide them information about the offering. Second, they collect for the issuing firm and its underwriters information about the price at which they will be able to market the securities. Large investors municate their interest in purchasing shares of the IPO to the underwriter。 一旦證交會(huì)已經(jīng)對(duì)注冊(cè)報(bào)告書作評(píng)論,一本初步的計(jì)劃書已經(jīng)被分配給感興趣的投資者, 投資銀行組織他們?nèi)珖?guó)旅行宣布即將來(lái)臨的報(bào)價(jià)的巡回。 首先,他們吸引潛在的投資者并且為他們提供關(guān)于報(bào)價(jià)的信息。 大的投資者傳達(dá)他們的對(duì)購(gòu)買的對(duì)承銷人的股票初次發(fā)行的興趣; 所關(guān)心的這些跡象被叫為一本書,調(diào)查的潛在的投資者的過(guò)程被叫為登記。 對(duì)于投資銀行來(lái)說(shuō),根據(jù)投資氣氛的反饋信息,修正一種證券的發(fā)行價(jià)格和發(fā)行數(shù)量是很普遍的事情。在這種情況下,誠(chéng)實(shí)是一種較好的策略,因?yàn)槿鐚?shí)告知是有回報(bào)的。如果一家對(duì)其證券前景估計(jì)樂(lè)觀的公司希望得到大的份額,它需要讓公眾知道這種樂(lè)觀。因此,首次公開(kāi)發(fā)行的證券與市場(chǎng)價(jià)格相比通常被低估,這種低估被反映在在證券市場(chǎng)上一交易的那天出現(xiàn)價(jià)格的猛漲。相似地,在1998年的11月,在第一天的交易中,它的最高價(jià)達(dá)97美元/股。例如,當(dāng)然投資者很樂(lè)意接受此價(jià)格,那么它的首次公開(kāi)發(fā)行所籌集的資金就是19700萬(wàn)美元,而不是2790萬(wàn)美元,在這種情況下,資金的流失遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)股票發(fā)行的明確的成本。有些股票在首次發(fā)行之后的表現(xiàn)很差,還有些甚至是無(wú)法全部售出。因此,投資銀行承擔(dān)了包銷發(fā)行的價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。IPOs can be expensive, especially for small firm. However, the landscape changed in 1995 when Spring Street Brewing Company, which produces Wit beer, came out with an Internet IPO. It posted a page on the World Wide Web to let investors know of the stock offering and distributed the prospectus alon