【正文】 packing in soil properties, adding lime, usually can get the desired effect, also can use new bibulous. As in the line extensions to JiMo section expressway haiyang construction contract, the five gravel mixed filling method has achieved remarkable results.loess embankment filling and paction.1 loess embankment construction, should make the bination fill amp。excavation border drawn in the gutter, should make the outlet of the water.and roadbed drainageWater is the impact strength and stability of road embankment and the service life of another important factor, many roadbed disease is caused by water erosion and another, to protect the environment, does not damage from local irrigation and water conservancy facilities, also must prepare the roadbed drainage, drainage system, and coordinated with drainage planning. In subgrade construction, construction drainage, should pay attention to prevent the floods caused by various subgrade pavement construction, to cause unnecessary losses.ground drainageMost often by increasing the minimum height of filling roadbed and ground drainage facilities (ditches, cut ditch, the plunge, and the surface of the drain tank. For highway and level of drainage ditches on the highway, generally require slabs protection. Commonly used brick and reinforced slurry crushed cement concrete prefabricated plate also started a wide range of applications. Highway and grade highway roadbed by dipping, past the location of every channel set contain in some places have improved on both sides of the line, and irrigation canals to decorate, the system of irrigation and drainage culverts line, so as to improve the quality of roadbed.underground drainageThe underground drainage is multipurpose AnGou roadbed, blind ditch, ShenGou, etc, its characteristic is shall, when water permeation drain, the more water pipe ShenGou. The traditional gravel layer filter material to have filter function of geotextiles, years of development, the filter cloth with steel posed of synthetic fiber and strengthen stiffening fiberoptic permeable tube diameter 830cm, is applicable to the underground drainage.and roadbed protectionThe roadbed construction changed the natural balance, the formation and roadbed exposed constantly, space by various plicated natural factors, so need to erode all kinds of protection.slope protectionSlope protection aims to prevent the surface water erosion, the slope rock weathering spalling and environmental coordination. In recent years, with the importance of environmental protection, highway slope, use the grass slope protection, the higher QiShi box (square, diamond, arch type, M) grass protection. Due to the west slope protection to water, dry grass type selection is very important, are mostly using lawn, is born planting seed, fertilizer and soil evenly mixing with things, when the seed geotextile germinate also has grown grass solid earth, nonwoven fabric fiber natural decay, environmental pollution, the effect is very good.Stone is widely used WuGong protection, prefabricated concrete block in the embankment slope protection multipurpose, where the hole and HuMianQiang, Used for cutting slope. Broken or easy weathering broken rock bolting adopts hanging barbed wire or spray or plastic mesh highstrength fiber shotcrete and injection coagulation in protective also have better effect.But because WuGong stone and concrete protective cost is high, easy to damage such problems, from the Angle of environmental protection, suggestion promoting can improve ecological environment, landscaping, and once planted protection.erosion protectionRiver embankment slope protection is still used more directly from the scour protection. The traditional QiShi, stone, stone cage, wire etc, retaining wall with improvement of highstrength geogrid instead of wire do with stone cage, polyester or polyurethane type geotextiles mold bag concrete slope made by the panel protection of water, surf soil slope can adapt to the uneven settlement.4 retaining protectionRetaining wall used for retaining protection is still the main. Stone39。 路基（土、石方）工程： 質(zhì)量檢查與驗(yàn)收：在檢查及驗(yàn)收時(shí)，應(yīng)著重對(duì)路基的壓實(shí)度、平整度、坡度、路基寬度以及彎沉等進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。要做好路基工程，必須扎扎實(shí)實(shí)進(jìn)行路基的填筑，有其是對(duì)原地面的處理和坡面基地的處理。應(yīng)注意將路基范圍內(nèi)的樹根，草叢全部挖除。如發(fā)現(xiàn)草灰層、鼠凍、裂縫，應(yīng)更換符合條件土回填，并按規(guī)定進(jìn)行壓實(shí)。如其中有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和其他雜質(zhì)較多時(shí)，碾壓時(shí)因彈性過大，不易壓實(shí)，因換填土或?qū)嵭谢焯?。坡面較小（橫坡小于1：5）時(shí)，只需清除坡面上的表層，其處理方法同上。臺(tái)階的尺寸，依土質(zhì)、地形＆施工方法而不同，一般寬底不宜小于1m，而且臺(tái)階項(xiàng)目應(yīng)做成向堤內(nèi)傾斜3％－5％的坡度，并分層夯實(shí)。 路基填土與壓實(shí) 公路路基的強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性很大程度取決于路基填料的性質(zhì)及其壓實(shí)的程度。 路基填料 規(guī)范規(guī)定了對(duì)路基填料應(yīng)有條件的選用。路基填料一般應(yīng)采用沙礫及塑性指數(shù)和含水量符合規(guī)范的土，不使用淤泥、沼澤土、凍土、有機(jī)土、含草皮土、生活垃圾及含腐植的土。對(duì)路基填料的最小強(qiáng)度和最大粒徑給了量化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，采用CBR值表征路基土的強(qiáng)度，引入了路床的概念。當(dāng)路基填料達(dá)不到規(guī)定的最小強(qiáng)度時(shí)，應(yīng)采取摻合粗粒料、或換填、或用石灰等穩(wěn)定材料處理，并不規(guī)定對(duì)其它等級(jí)公路鋪筑高級(jí)路面時(shí)，也要采用高速公路和一級(jí)公路的規(guī)定值。它們都具有各自的特性，并相互制約共同存于一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體中，構(gòu)成土的各種物理特性滲透性、粘滯性、彈性、塑性和力學(xué)強(qiáng)度等。因此，要改變土的特性，也得從改變其組成著手。 影響土基壓實(shí)度的內(nèi)在因素主要是含水量和土的性質(zhì)，外在因素有壓實(shí)功能，壓實(shí)工具和方法等。 土質(zhì)對(duì)壓實(shí)的影響 ①不同的土類有不同的最佳含水量及最大干密度； ②分散性較高（液限較高，粘性較大）的土，最佳含水量的絕對(duì)值較高，而最大干密度的絕對(duì)值較??； ③亞砂土和亞粘土的壓實(shí)性能較好（ρc ＞），而粘性土的壓實(shí)性能很差（ρc＜）。 壓實(shí)工具和方法對(duì)壓實(shí)的影響 ①壓實(shí)工具不同，壓力傳遞的有效程度也不同。 ②壓實(shí)機(jī)具的重量較小時(shí)，荷載作用時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，土的密實(shí)度越高，但密實(shí)度的增長(zhǎng)速度則隨時(shí)間增加而減小，壓實(shí)機(jī)具較重時(shí)，土的密實(shí)度隨施荷時(shí)間增加而迅速增加，但超過某一時(shí)間限度后，土的變形將急劇增加而達(dá)到破壞；機(jī)具過重以致超過土的強(qiáng)度極限時(shí)，將立即引起土體破壞。 當(dāng)前路基施工，普遍采用了大噸位的壓路機(jī)（不小于12t） ，碾壓自路兩邊向中心進(jìn)行，直至表面無明顯輪跡為止，遵循先輕后重、先穩(wěn)后振、先低后高、先慢后快、輪跡重疊的原則，碾壓效果有了明顯的改善。規(guī)范規(guī)定高速公路和一級(jí)公路路面底面以下80150cm部分的上路堤其壓實(shí)度必須≥94％，對(duì)其它等級(jí)公路當(dāng)鋪筑高級(jí)路面時(shí)，其壓實(shí)度亦應(yīng)按高速公路和一級(jí)公路的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用。如在西部某國(guó)道主干線二級(jí)專用公路施工中，路面設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為高級(jí)路面，因而從路基開始，所有的檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均采用一級(jí)公路驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如在威烏線支線海陽至即墨段高速公路工程五合同，采用了碎石混填的方法取得了顯著的效果。如結(jié)合面陡立，無法挖成臺(tái)階時(shí)，可采用土工釘加強(qiáng)結(jié)合。 黃土含水量過小，應(yīng)均勻加水再行碾壓；如含水量過大，可翻松晾曬至需要含水量再進(jìn)行碾壓，也可摻入適量石灰處理，降低含水量。 老黃土透水性差，干濕難以調(diào)節(jié)，大塊土料不易粉碎，使用前應(yīng)通過試驗(yàn)決定措施。新黃土為良好填料，可用于填筑路床。 根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)及時(shí)修筑外側(cè)邊緣的攔水、截水溝構(gòu)造物和急流槽，將水引至坡腳以外，對(duì)高度大于20m的路堤，應(yīng)按設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)留竣工后路堤自重壓密固結(jié)產(chǎn)生的壓縮下沉量。在填挖交界處引出邊溝水量，應(yīng)做好出水口的加固。在路基施工中，應(yīng)重視施工排水，防止因各種原因造成的水患，給路基、路面施工造成不必要的損失。對(duì)于高速公路和一級(jí)公路上的排水溝渠，一般都要求鋪砌防護(hù)。高速公路和一級(jí)公路通過水網(wǎng)地段的路基，過去逢溝設(shè)涵的做法在一些地方有了改進(jìn)，對(duì)路線兩側(cè)的灌溉溝渠重新系統(tǒng)布置，免去了穿越路線的排灌涵洞，從而提高了路基的工程質(zhì)量。傳統(tǒng)的砂礫料反濾層多改用有反濾功能的土工織物，幾年研制的帶有鋼圈、濾布和加強(qiáng)合成纖維組成的加勁軟式透水管直徑830cm，很適用于地下排水。 坡面防護(hù) 坡面防護(hù)的目的是防止地表水流的沖刷、坡面巖土的風(fēng)化剝落以及與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)。由于西部干旱缺水，邊坡種草防護(hù)類型