【正文】 ll cause such teeth to fail as abutments.理想的基牙要具備成比例的冠根比，當(dāng)根的長(zhǎng)度因天生關(guān)系或是再吸收使長(zhǎng)度過短，是無法充分提供冠或固位體抵抗下頜骨發(fā)展的不同咀嚼力道。L16A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these ponents: one or more bases。 several minor connectors 。 one or more indirect retainers 。以卡環(huán)作為直接固位體者，通常包括一個(gè)合支托，一個(gè)卡環(huán)對(duì)抗臂，一個(gè)卡環(huán)固位臂。Since it prevents cervical movement of the appliance on the abutment the retentive terminal of the clasp is kept in the desiredposition on the cervically inclined infrabulge surface , and retention is maintained. 卡環(huán)的固位端被放置于頸部?jī)A斜倒凹區(qū)的需要的位置，并保持其固位，而合支托可以避免基牙上的裝置的頸向移位元?？ōh(huán)至少應(yīng)有一個(gè)臂能產(chǎn)生對(duì)抗垂直方向位移的力。L17A phase of denture prosthesis widely practiced at the present time is the concentration of the immediate dentires. This type differs from the plete dentures described in the previous chapters primarily in that they are constructed and ready to be inserted immediately after the removal of all remaining natural teeth from either the maxillary or mandibular arch. 預(yù)成義齒修復(fù)是目前義齒修復(fù)中較為廣泛使用的方式。L18For problem cases which arise after removal of all the teeth, attempts are sometimes made by means of implants of various types to provide a denture support which is superior to that provided by the mucoperiosteum alone.對(duì)于拔出所有牙齒所產(chǎn)生的問題，有時(shí)可嘗試借助不同類型的移植物，來提供義齒的支持，這種方法優(yōu)于只使用粘骨膜進(jìn)行支持。The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of plete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.自然牙的牙根因此也優(yōu)于任何形式的人造植入體。五、04卷子Parapharyngeal 咽旁 Radiolucent X光透射Scquestrum 腐骨 死骨 Sialogram 涎管X線造影片Septicemia 敗血病 Pyogenic 化膿性Sialolithiasis 涎石病 Devoid 缺乏的Periostitis 骨膜炎 Mole 胎塊Sialoductitis 涎管炎 Nonmalignant 良性的Fracture 骨折 Giant 巨大Comminution 粉碎 Hyperpyrexia 高熱SelfreduceHyperplasia 增生 Laceration 撕裂Reparative 修復(fù)性 Biopsy 切片檢查法Prosthesis 義齒 Infection 感染Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 Space 間隙Oblique 傾斜句子翻譯If proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with plications in the rare cases when they arise.若藥液注射劑，針頭及技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng)，在局麻注射過程中或之后都將很少出現(xiàn)，但是，醫(yī)生仍應(yīng)做好應(yīng)對(duì)罕見并發(fā)癥的準(zhǔn)備。Acute dentoalveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: (a) periapical (b)pericemental (c)pericoronal 急性牙槽膿腫，是一種牙齒急性局限性的化膿表現(xiàn)。Salivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts.涎腺可罹患腫瘤、囊腫、感染所致的涎腺導(dǎo)管炎，及其后遺的導(dǎo)管狹窄癥。The mon diseases of the temporomandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare.普通疾病會(huì)造成顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)半脫位或脫臼和關(guān)節(jié)僵直是很非常少見的。The object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease. 被用來使用修復(fù)程序的對(duì)象是為了恢復(fù)功能或是促進(jìn)美觀或是兩者兼具。It includes also those oral or extraoral operations which are indicated for the restoration of lost bone, teeth or the insertion of retentive devices for dentures.用來修復(fù)失骨和失牙或是義齒的固位裝置包含在口腔和口外的手術(shù)The maxillary right central and left lateral incisors had Class 1 mobility3。上合左中切牙在牙冠遠(yuǎn)中部分有一個(gè)斜行的骨折線1In the treatment of acute osteomyelitis the general rule is to institute antibiotic therapy and to surgically establish adequate drainage.在治療急性骨髓炎時(shí),全身療法可用滴注抗生素治療,外科方法為建立開放引流管道。此外,稍微向內(nèi)的移位比向外移位常見六、中翻英Conduction anesthesia(Block anesthesia). When injected in the vicinity of a nerve trunk, an anesthetic solution penetrates by way of the perineurium into the central nerve substance, inhibiting its conducting function, and thus anesthetizing the entire peripheral areas supplied by the nerve. Conduction anesthesia is therefore ancathe ia produced by elimination of the conductivity of the nerve trunk. In inducing anesthesia in this manner, it is doubtful whether the needle often actually penetrates the nerve sheath. The injection is made in the region of the nerve and the solution then is absorbed through the perineurium.阻滯麻醉(conduction anesthesia)。所以阻滯麻醉通過減少神經(jīng)干傳導(dǎo)性而產(chǎn)生的麻醉效果。注射在神經(jīng)分布的區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行，然后藥液通過神經(jīng)鞘膜吸收。還可造成第二磨牙牙根的壓迫吸收。神經(jīng)痛也可由阻生牙壓迫相關(guān)牙神經(jīng)或其分支造成。Bone grafts are monly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be posed of either pact or cancellous bone.骨移植片常用來修復(fù)骨缺陷。The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure. 基托是局部義齒中最重要的一個(gè)部分,因?yàn)榛械玫降闹饕闹С謥碜云湎路窖啦坩铡榱嗣鞔_描述這個(gè)過程，可分為三部分：，事實(shí)上這些過程是漸進(jìn)的，且未被明確定義的。The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of plete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.因此,天然牙的牙根也優(yōu)于任何人工的種植體。除非可以確定病人對(duì)于完全由粘骨膜支持的常規(guī)全口義齒是滿意的。必須注意些微的組織變化,因?yàn)閷?duì)診斷來說是有意義的。The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential ponent for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is acplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, monly referred to as “the height of contour”.組成卡環(huán)的第三個(gè)非常重要的