【正文】
語內(nèi)交際過程中,英漢兩種語言的詞類(詞性)均會(huì)經(jīng)常發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)換(語內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)換):名詞有時(shí)會(huì)變成動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也可轉(zhuǎn)作名詞,如漢語中的熱愛學(xué)習(xí)(名詞)和學(xué)習(xí)(動(dòng)詞)文件,英語中的 I study(動(dòng)詞)和English study(名詞)等。)(名詞轉(zhuǎn)成動(dòng)詞)(2) He is physically 。(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)成動(dòng)詞)(4) The road to development is long but we are firmly on ,但是我們已經(jīng)堅(jiān)定地走上這條道路。s name was always on the lips of this majestic woman, and a visit he had paid to her was the cause of her reputation and her ,原來他曾經(jīng)拜訪過她一次,從此使她名利雙收。(副詞轉(zhuǎn)成名詞詞組)(2) Angola was the most identifiable trouble spot in South West ,這是大家最容易看得出來的。所謂概念意義,也叫外延意義(denotative Meaning)或認(rèn)知意義(cognitive Meaning),就是詞匯的最基本意義,是語言符號(hào)所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括,常視為詞語在字典中的定義或釋義。社會(huì)、群體或個(gè)人都可以使一個(gè)詞具有內(nèi)涵意義,有時(shí)還是很不相同的內(nèi)涵意義。如英語中的goose 有愚蠢的內(nèi)涵意義,但漢語中的鵝卻沒有這種不好的內(nèi)涵意義。這類英漢詞語多為專有名詞、術(shù)語或普通名詞,其數(shù)量極為有限。有許多英漢語詞語在詞義上只是部分對應(yīng)。如:uncle(廣義)叔父,伯父,姑父,姨父,舅父(狹義)milk 奶(抽象);人奶,牛奶,羊奶(具體);film 膠卷(一般),影片(個(gè)別)還有些英漢詞語在概念意義上是對應(yīng)的,但在內(nèi)涵意義上卻是不對應(yīng)的,如:vinegar:有不高興,壞脾氣的內(nèi)涵意義,醋有妒忌的內(nèi)涵意義。由于文化差異,英語有些詞語所表達(dá)的意義在漢語中尚無確切的對應(yīng)詞來表達(dá)。如:hippie 嬉皮士 breaker 跳布瑞克舞者,跳霹靂舞者rigjacker 劫持近海油井設(shè)備的人;eggathon 吃煮硬了的雞蛋的競賽congressperson 美國國會(huì)(尤其是眾議員院)議員(男議員或女議員)D. 交叉對應(yīng)。如下面各例中的light 一詞就是這樣:light music 輕音樂(light=intended chiefly to entertain)light loss 輕微的損失(light=not heavy);light heart 輕松的心情(light=relaxed)light car 輕便汽車(light=having little weight);light step 輕快的步伐(light=gentle)light manners 輕浮的舉止(light=frivolous);light outfit 輕巧的設(shè)備(light=handy)light work 輕松的工作(light=requiring little effort)light voice 輕柔的聲音(light= soft)二、選詞用字要選好詞用準(zhǔn)字,首先要準(zhǔn)確地確定原文詞語所表達(dá)的意義,然后在譯文中再選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語。例如在下面各句中,air 分屬不同的詞類:(1) The rain had cleaned the 。t air your troubles too 。如:(1) He preferred the products of old brand to the new ,而不要質(zhì)量差的新產(chǎn)品。(具體抽象)(3) She said, He is a lightly discriminating man. 她說,他是個(gè)很愛挑剔的買主。(貶義;褒義)最后,選好詞用好字還要注意詞語的語體色彩和搭配組合。再如普通文體和文學(xué)文體也有很大的不同,因此翻譯起來也應(yīng)該有所不同。例如put on clothes/shoes 在漢語中就要說穿上衣服/鞋子。如:...yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stonecutter curves over his bones。 who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss。真的是虔誠的教徒,慈愛的父母,孝順的兒女,賢良的妻子,盡職的丈夫,他們家里的人也的確哀思綿綿地追悼他們。)三是有些詞語組合順序在英語里是正常語序,如直譯成漢語時(shí)卻不符合漢語習(xí)慣,須作顛倒處理,否則譯文意思不準(zhǔn)確或是表達(dá)不符漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。她覺得似乎自己狠狠地讓人擊了一掌,給摔到生活的最外的危險(xiǎn)邊緣,推進(jìn)又冷又黑的地方。一般說來,交際活動(dòng)都是以句子為基本語言單位展開的,因此句子在翻譯過程中占有最重要的位置,必須予以高度重視。簡單句由一個(gè)獨(dú)立分句、即一個(gè)獨(dú)立使用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)組成,復(fù)雜句則由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句組成,按照分句間的關(guān)系,又可分為并列句和復(fù)合句。漢語句子在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能劃分上同英語一樣,也可以分為單句和復(fù)句及陳述、疑問等句。例如:His idea is that we clean the floor 。)其次,英漢兩種語言在句序上也有一定的差異,如英語簡單句的句序一般是主語+謂語+賓語+狀語,而漢語單句的則一般是主語+狀語+謂語+賓語,例如:I woke up in the middle of 。例如:(1) They played chess in high spirits at the club 。英語的定語既可前置、又可后置,而漢語的則只能前置。如:Because he was ill, he had to stay at ,所以不得不呆在家里。這在翻譯過程中必須加以鑒別,不可忽視。在正確理解句意后,用恰當(dāng)?shù)淖g入語將句義(各種意義)最大限度地表達(dá)出來。從語言層次的轉(zhuǎn)換情況來看,英語句子翻譯成漢語既可是同一層次的同類型轉(zhuǎn)換,也可是同一層次的非同類型轉(zhuǎn)換,還可以是超越同一層次的轉(zhuǎn)換。(轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語簡單句)(2) But this naval petition strained the Liberal Government39。(轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語聯(lián)合復(fù)句的并列句)(3) Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand ,那就是沒有盡到責(zé)任。(轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語偏正復(fù)句的轉(zhuǎn)折句)(5) This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall,with Mr. Strong in the 。(轉(zhuǎn)換成兩個(gè)漢語句子)2. 復(fù)合句的翻譯英語復(fù)合句翻譯時(shí)首先要理清各分句之間的關(guān)系(語法關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系),辯明句意及句子在特定語境中的功能。下面是名詞分句漢譯的幾個(gè)例子:(1) Whether an object will sink or float depends on its 。t ,全靠你。(名詞分句主語從句轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句)定語分句漢譯應(yīng)多注意其位置;狀語化的定語分句漢譯時(shí)則應(yīng)注意其意義的傳達(dá):(1) John liked my sister, who was warm and 。(定語分句并列分句)(3) We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than oureyes, can see clearly in the night. 我們知道,由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬δ芪崭嗟墓饩€,所以貓?jiān)诤谝挂材芸吹煤芮宄?定語分句獨(dú)立句子)需要指出的是,英語中含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句,譯成漢語時(shí),有些成了偏正復(fù)句,有些成了聯(lián)合復(fù)句,還有一些成了單句。3. 長句翻譯長句的翻譯首先要判斷出句子的結(jié)構(gòu)(如是簡單句,并列句,還是復(fù)合句),再找出句中的主要句子成分,即主語和謂語動(dòng)詞,然后再分清句中的賓語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語等,最后還要弄清原文的表達(dá)模式特點(diǎn)。例如:(1) …This is nonsense but with it organs of the popular Press played upon the emotions of their readers so successfully that many candidates for Parliament were afraid to support abolition for fear of losing votes and the result was the muddleheaded Homicide Act of 1957 which made murder with robbery a capital crime and allowed the prisoner to escape the gallows. ……這是胡說八道,但一些在大眾中頗有影響的報(bào)刊卻利用它大肆煽動(dòng)讀者的情緒,許多竟選國會(huì)議員的人由于害怕失去選票而不敢支持廢除死刑,其結(jié)果就是1957 年通過的糊里糊涂的《兇殺法案》。(順譯法)(2) From radioactive water and soil around a nuclearweapons plant in Colorado to manmade deserts in Soviet Central Asia, the world is peppered with examples of what poor education or unneighborly attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and clothe us ,他們會(huì)對人類賴以生存的這個(gè)星球做出些什么事來呢?全世界到處都有這樣的例子:從科羅拉多州核武器工廠周圍幅射活躍的水土到原蘇聯(lián)中亞地區(qū)的人為沙漠。 either the quantity of the natural products can not meet our everincreasing requirement, or more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the mon name for manmade materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be 。(綜合法)長句翻譯不能一味地照顧譯入語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣而不重視原文作者句式安排的特殊目的或意圖,而要想看出原文作者的用意,就不能將目光局限在一個(gè)句子中各部分間的邏輯關(guān)系上,而應(yīng)擴(kuò)展到句群乃至