【正文】 在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1） 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。例如：a. He goes to school every day.b. He is very happy. earth moves around the sun.2) 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。例如：a. The meeting begins at seven.b. The rain starts at nine in the morning.4) 表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。1） 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過(guò)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 I used to smoke.During the vacation I wouldm in the sea.注：”used to “表示過(guò)去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。另外“to be used to+名詞（動(dòng)名詞）”表示“習(xí)慣于…..”a. I am used to the climate here.b. He is used tomming in winter.一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。It is going to rain.We are going to have a meeting today.2）“be to + 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見。 We are about to leave.4) go , e , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。The meeting starts at five o’clock.He gets off at the next stop.1） 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，由“to be + 現(xiàn)在分詞” 構(gòu)成。What are you doing? The bridge is under construction.2） 表示感覺(jué)、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞（如have, be , here, se, like 等 ） 一般不用進(jìn)行。In 1980 he was studying in a university.He was reading a novel when I came in. “have + 過(guò)去分詞其使用有兩種情況：1） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話之前已完成，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。He has gone to Fuzhou. He has been to Fuzhou.2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去常用 for 和since表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或so far , now, today, this wek (month, year ) 等表示包括現(xiàn)在內(nèi)的狀語(yǔ)。3）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可用時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。By the end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由 “should 或 would + 動(dòng)詞原形” 構(gòu)成。有些動(dòng)詞（work, study, live, teach 等）用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)意思差不多。（二） 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)1． 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)， 謂語(yǔ)的形式叫主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò)be 表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。若這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物性的則不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，如：bookup, look down. 等b.（及物）動(dòng)詞+副詞：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等c. 動(dòng)詞+副詞 +介詞：do away with, face up to, give into ,look down upon, make up with等d. 動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞：catch sight of, keep on eye on, make a fool of , pay attention to , put an end to , set fire/light to , take notice of 等4) 帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞在改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。常見的有：，這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞同句中的主語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。The cloth washes/ sells well.The door won’t shut.The play won’t act.c. 形容詞worth后直接加動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，如：The book is worth reading twice.某些作表語(yǔ)的形容詞后，用不定式主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。b. 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如：bee, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, look like等。d. 賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源代詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，抽象名詞等。如：據(jù)說(shuō)…… 希望……據(jù)推測(cè)說(shuō)… 必須承認(rèn)……必須指出… 眾所周知……有人會(huì)說(shuō)…..大家認(rèn)為…..有人相信……there be 小結(jié)1. 基本結(jié)構(gòu) ：There be +主語(yǔ) + 地點(diǎn) /時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。　There are two TV plays every evening. 每晚有兩場(chǎng)電視劇。如：　There is a pen, two rulers in the box. 盒子里有一只鋼筆，兩把尺子。3. 主語(yǔ)后的動(dòng)詞形式：在there be 句型中，主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞；是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用過(guò)去分詞。There are five minutes left now. 現(xiàn)在還有5分鐘。反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)與there be對(duì)應(yīng)，而不是依據(jù)主語(yǔ)。t there? 桌子上有一臺(tái)收音機(jī)，是吧？ There are more than fifty classes in your school, aren39?！here is nothing but a book in my bag. =I have nothing but a book in my bag. 包里只有一本書。如：There is a lot of work to do. 有許多工作要做。　There is nothing to do. 沒(méi)有事可做。7. 與其它詞連用，構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。There used to be a cinema here before the war. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前，這兒有一家電影院。如：Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else. 從前有位國(guó)王喜歡新服勝過(guò)別的任何東西。例如：There is no good making friends with him. 和他交朋友沒(méi)有什么好處。s not a moment to lose. 他病得厲害，把他送到醫(yī)院去，一刻也不能