【正文】 American and other African ranches in similar climatic conditions. They make a substantial contribution to their countries39。 herds make up over 10 per cent of export earnings. Despite this productivity, pastoralists still starve and their animals perish when drought hits. One reason is that only a trickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves。s share is pocketed by traders. This is partly because the herders only sell much of their stock during times of drought and famine, when they need the cash to buy food, and the terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour. Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas.Funding bodies such as the World Bank andUSAID tried to address some of the problems in the 1960s, investing millions of dollars in mercial beef and dairy production. It didn39。 and that Africa39。s herders live in areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited to mercial ranching.What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle. Over the past few years, funders and policymakers have been starting to get the message. One example is intervention by governments to ensure that pastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times of drought, so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestock and cereals to keep themselves and their families alive (the problem in African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it). Another example is a drought earlywarning system run by the Kenyan government and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths.This is all promising, but more needs to be done. Some African governments still favour forcing pastoralists to settle. They should heed the latest scientific research demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattleherding. Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend on increasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand for livestock products: there will likely be an additional 2 billion consumers worldwide by 2020, the vast majority in developing countries. To ensure that pastoralists benefit, it will be crucial to give them a greater say in local policies. Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women, who play critical roles in livestock production. The rich world should pay proper attention to the plight of the pastoralists. Leaving them dependent on foreign food aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment, conflict, environmental degradation and malnutrition. It is in the rich world39。(A) Forcing Africa39。(B) The difference between pastoralist and agriculturalist is vital to the African people.(D) Environmental degradation should be the major concern in developing Africa39。s perennial problem with drought and famine. (para. l) can be replaced by ________.(B) involves.(D) aggravates.13. What is the author39。(A) Neutral and indifferent.(C) Critical and vehement.(A) have an objective view of the situation in Africa(C) feel themselves superior in decision makings main purpose in writing this article in _________.(B) to give suggestions on the support of the traditional pastoralism in Africa(D) to criticize the colonial thinking of western aid agenciesQuestions 1620The prospects for finding life beyond Earth may be brightening. Today, scientists are reporting evidence for yet another potential habitat in our solar system: Saturn39。s fourthlargest moonhosts liquid water.If the results hold up, this would bring to four the number of bodies in the solar systemincluding Earththat display active volcanism. And since life as biologists know it requires liquid water and a source of energy, Enceladus would join Jupiter39。s moon Titan, as well as Mars, as possible spots beyond Earth where simple forms of life may have gained or still maintain a foothold. The discovery, however, is bittersweet for many scientists. NASA39。s overall spending plan for science, it39。s vision for space exploration, says planetary scientist Sean Solomon, who heads the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington.Nevertheless, the research in today39。s neighborhood.Confirmation could e with additional flybys, if waterand perhaps lifeis present, it wouldn39。s premature to cross the moon off the list of possible outposts for life beyond Earth. Yet the prospect of building on these results could be dimmer with the threat of budget cuts. The proposed reductions post several challenges, researchers say.One is the loss of important financial leverage. While money for experiments and other research related to astrobiology can e from other funding agencies, such as the National Science Foundation or even the National Institutes of Health, NASA39。s 10year history has been to help revolutionize the way science is done. Answering questions about the origins of life on Earth and the prospects for life elsewhere require strong collaborations. From radio astronomers to biologists and geologists studying the evolution of Earth, groups are working together in ways they never thought of a decade ago, adds Edward Young, a geochemist at the University of California at Los Angeles.NASA39。s a wonderful lesson on how to make progress by crossing these boundaries, Dr. Solomon says. It would be regrettable to stop that experiment. 16. According to the passage, simple forms of life might be found on the following heavenly bodies in the solar system: ________.s moon and Mars(C) Jupiter, Saturn, Mars and Enceladuss moon, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn17. When the author says The discovery, however, is bittersweet for many scientists. (), he most probably means that the discovery _________.(B) leads to the cutting of NASA39。(C) causes much doubt and arguments fiscal budget for 2007 in its astrobiology program is almost a goingoutofbusinesslevel cut (), he most probably means that _________.