電大病理生理考試期末重點(diǎn)知識(shí)考試小抄【精編直接打印版-閱讀頁(yè)
2025-06-26 03:24本頁(yè)面
【正文】 障礙。 有些 MODS病人雖有敗血癥，但臨床找不到感染病灶或血清培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌陰性，甚至有時(shí) MODS出現(xiàn)在感染病原菌被消滅以后，此類 MODS被稱為非菌血癥性敗血癥。此時(shí)，機(jī)體的病理生理變化為高代謝狀態(tài)和多種炎癥介質(zhì)的失控性釋放。 (CARS) 感染或創(chuàng)傷時(shí)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生可引起免疫功能降低和對(duì)感染易感性增加的內(nèi)源性抗炎反應(yīng)。 腸道細(xì)菌 透過(guò)腸粘膜屏障入血，經(jīng)血液循環(huán) (門靜脈循環(huán)或體循環(huán) )抵達(dá)遠(yuǎn)隔器官的過(guò)程。如出現(xiàn)發(fā)紺、進(jìn)行性低氧血癥和呼吸窘迫，稱為 ARDS，實(shí)際上是由急性肺損傷 (肺泡 毛細(xì)血管膜損傷 )引起的呼吸衰竭。 缺血 再灌注損傷習(xí)題：名詞解釋 再灌注損傷 (ischemia reperfusion injury): 是指人和動(dòng)物缺血后再灌注，不僅沒(méi)使組織器 官功能恢復(fù)，反而使缺血所致功能代謝障礙和結(jié)構(gòu)破壞進(jìn)一步加重的現(xiàn)象。 3. 鈣反常 (caleium paradox):用無(wú)鈣液灌流后再用正常含鈣液灌流組織器官，可造成細(xì)胞和器官的代謝和功能障礙及結(jié)構(gòu)破壞更趨加重，這種現(xiàn)象稱為鈣反常。 5. 自由基 (ftee radical):系指外層軌道上有單個(gè)不配對(duì)價(jià)電子的原子、原子團(tuán)和分子的總稱，又稱游離基。 6. 活性氧 (reactive oxygen species):是指由氧形成、并在分子組成上含有氧的一類化學(xué)性質(zhì)非常活潑的物質(zhì)總稱。 7. 呼吸爆發(fā) (respiratory burst):吞噬細(xì)胞在吞噬過(guò)程中，其富有的 NADPH 氧化酶和 NADH 氧化酶可催化 攝取的氧接受電子而轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檠踝杂苫?，用以殺滅微生物及外?lái)異物，同時(shí)拌耗氧量顯著增加，這一現(xiàn)象稱為呼吸爆發(fā)或氧爆發(fā)。 9 凋亡 (apoptosis):又稱細(xì)胞 程序性死亡，是一種與細(xì)胞壞死有明顯區(qū)別的主動(dòng)過(guò)程，其形態(tài)學(xué)特征為：細(xì)胞膜出現(xiàn)囊泡（凋亡小體），細(xì)胞體積縮小，核固縮， DNA 被非隨機(jī)地降解成小片段。它首先在犬實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種再灌注損傷實(shí)際上是缺血的延續(xù)和疊加。 12. 心肌頓抑 (myocardial stunning):是指心肌短時(shí)間缺血后不發(fā)生壞死，但引起的結(jié)構(gòu)、代謝和功能改變?cè)谠俟嘧⒑笱舆t恢復(fù)的現(xiàn)象，其特征為收縮功能障礙。 14．自發(fā)性鈣火花 (spontaneous Ca2+ spark):是肌漿網(wǎng)Ryanodine 受體鈣通道同時(shí)開(kāi)放所產(chǎn)生的局部游 離鈣濃度升高，它是細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣釋放的基本單位和鈣波引發(fā)和傳播的位點(diǎn)，構(gòu)成了心肌細(xì)胞興奮一收縮耦聯(lián)的基礎(chǔ) 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O 謝謝?。。?2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fivearch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf23
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