【正文】 MISUMI沖壓模具用零件。南昌：江西科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社， 2021. 8. 楊占堯、楊安民主編，沖壓模具典型結(jié)構(gòu) 100例，上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社， 2021。沖壓手冊(cè)。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，工業(yè) 品的 品種和數(shù)量不斷增加，產(chǎn)品的改型換代加快，對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和外觀不斷提出新的要求，對(duì) 模具的質(zhì)量的要求越來(lái)越高。模具技術(shù)，特別是 制造精密、復(fù)雜、大型長(zhǎng)壽命模具的技術(shù)，已成為衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家機(jī)械制造水平的重要標(biāo) 志之一。 模具制造技術(shù)從過(guò)去只能制造 簡(jiǎn)單模具已發(fā)展到可以制造大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長(zhǎng)壽命的 模具。 為了盡快發(fā)展我國(guó)的模具工業(yè)，國(guó)家已經(jīng)采取了許多具體措施，如給專(zhuān)業(yè)模具廠投 入技術(shù)改造資金，將模具列為國(guó)家規(guī)劃重點(diǎn)科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目，派有關(guān)工程技術(shù)人員出國(guó)考 察，引進(jìn)國(guó)外模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，制定有關(guān)的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。 在沖壓模具方面，我國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)和制造的電動(dòng)機(jī)定 /轉(zhuǎn)硅鋼片硬質(zhì)合金多工 位自動(dòng)級(jí)進(jìn) 模，電子、電器行業(yè)用的 50 余工位的硬質(zhì)合金多工位自動(dòng)級(jí)進(jìn)模等，都達(dá)到了國(guó)際同 類(lèi)模具產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平。 在塑料模具方面，能設(shè)計(jì)制造汽車(chē)保險(xiǎn)杠及整體儀表盤(pán)大型注射模具，模具重達(dá)幾 十噸，模具尺寸精度可達(dá)到 10mm，型腔表面粗糙度 Ra= m m，型芯表面粗糙度 Ra= m m，模具壽命達(dá)到 30萬(wàn)次以上，達(dá)到國(guó)際同類(lèi)模具產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平。 隨著先進(jìn)、精密和高自動(dòng)化程度的模具加工設(shè)備的應(yīng)用，如數(shù)控仿形銑床、數(shù)控加工中心、精密坐標(biāo)磨床、連續(xù)軌跡數(shù)控坐標(biāo)磨床、高精度低損耗數(shù)控電火花成形加工機(jī)床、慢走絲精密電火花線切割機(jī)床、精密電解加工機(jī)床、三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量?jī)x、擠壓研磨機(jī)等模具加工和檢測(cè)設(shè)備的應(yīng)用，拓展了可進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工模具的范圍，提高了加工精度，降低了制件表面粗糙度，大大提高了加工效率，推進(jìn)了模具設(shè)計(jì)制造一體化的發(fā)展。 模具材料是影響模具壽命、質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn) 效率和生產(chǎn)成本的重要因素。 模具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化是代表模具工業(yè)與模具技術(shù)發(fā)展的重要標(biāo)志。商品化程度是以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化為前提的，隨著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的頒布實(shí)施，模具的商品化程度也大大提高。 汽車(chē) 沖壓件工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì) 第 40 頁(yè) 共 47 頁(yè) 高。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)制造不僅提高了設(shè)計(jì)速度，還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)成形的模擬，優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)；可以依據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)模型進(jìn)行自動(dòng)加工程序的編制，還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)加工結(jié)束后自動(dòng)檢測(cè)。因此模具質(zhì)量的提高和生產(chǎn)周期的縮短顯得尤為重要，促進(jìn)模具制造 技術(shù)的發(fā)展出現(xiàn)以下趨勢(shì)。 以高 速銑削為代表的高速切削加工技術(shù)代表了模具零件外形表面粗加工發(fā)展的方向。超高速加工中心的切削進(jìn)給速度可達(dá) 76m/min，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速可達(dá) 45000r/min。 2. 成型表面的加工向精密、自動(dòng)化方向發(fā)展。數(shù)控加工中心、數(shù)控電火花成形加工設(shè)備、計(jì)算機(jī)控制連續(xù)軌跡坐標(biāo)磨床和配有 CNC 修整裝配 與精密測(cè)量裝置的成型磨削加工設(shè)備等的推廣使用，是提高模具制造技術(shù)水平的關(guān)鍵。 當(dāng)前模具成形表面的研磨、拋光等加工仍然以手工作業(yè)為主，不僅花費(fèi)工時(shí)多，而 且勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、表面質(zhì)量低。 4. 逆向制造工程制模技術(shù)的發(fā)展。這種技術(shù)特別適用于多品種、少批量、形狀復(fù)雜的模具制造，對(duì) 縮短模具制造周期，進(jìn)而提高產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力有重要意義。 模具 CAD/CAM技術(shù)在模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造的優(yōu)勢(shì) 越來(lái)越明顯，它是模具技術(shù)的又一次革命，普及和提高 CAD/CAM技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是模具制造業(yè)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。s industrialized countries, the rapid industrial development in the mold, the mold machine tool industry output value of output over the development faster than the machine tools, automobiles, electronics and other industries, is one of the basic industry of 汽車(chē) 沖壓件工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì) 第 41 頁(yè) 共 47 頁(yè) national economy. Mold technologies, particularly manufacture of sophisticated, plex, largescale longlife mold technology, has bee the standard measure of a country the importance of standard machinery manufacturing one blog. At present, thousands of mold industry manufacturers, workers have 50 million people die annually produce one million manufacturing technology from the past could only have been developed to create simple molds can produce large, sophisticated, plex, long life mold. But overall there is still a few varieties of mold manufacturing, precision is poor, life is short, the drawbacks of long production cycle, precision, plex, largescale die a lot because of the domestic manufacturing difficulties had to be imported from abroad. In order to expedite the development of China39。s mold industry, mold level is gradually improving. In terms of stamping dies, design and manufacture of motor set / multiposition switch to automatic silicon carbide progressive mode, electronic, electrical industry, working with more than 50bit multiposition automatic carbide progressive die, have reached the international with the mold Products technical level. Die inserts repeat positioning accuracy , step away from the precision of , die forming the surface roughness to m. In the plastic molds that can design and manufacture of automobile bumpers and the overall instrument panel large injection mold, mold weighing several ten tons, mold dimensional accuracy could reach 10μ m, the surface roughness Ra = m,cavitycore surface roughness Ra = m, the die life of 30 million or more, similar mold products to meet international technical standards. Second Die Manufacturing Technology with the development of manufacturing technology development of the situation 1. Mold manufacturing technology with the manufacturing equipment and raising the level increase. With the advanced, sophisticated and high degree of automation mold processing equipment applications, such as CNC copy milling machine, CNC machining centers, precision jig grinder, track the number of consecutive Coordinate control of grinding machines, precision low loss CNC EDM machine, EDM wire precision WEDM,ECM precision machine tools, 汽車(chē) 沖壓件工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì) 第 42 頁(yè) 共 47 頁(yè) coordinate measuring instrument, such as extrusion die grinder application processing and testing equipment, expanded Mold can be machined scope to improve the machining accuracy and reduce the workpiece surface roughness, plus greatly enhanced work efficiency, and promoted the development of mold design and manufacturing integration. 2. Mold manufacturing technology with application of new materials, molds increased. Affecting the life of the die mold material, quality,production efficiency and cost an important factor. 3. Mold manufacturing technology with the increased standardization and enhanced. Standardization is representative of die mold industry technology development and an important symbol of the mold. So far, has developed a stamping die, plastic mold, die casting molds and 50 die based technology, a number of national standards, nearly 300 standard number, basically meet the domestic mold production technology made development needs. Degree of standardization is based on the premise of mercialization, with the promulgation and implementation of standards, the degree of mercialization of the mold greatly increased. Promote the mercialization of specialized production, lower manufacturing costs and shorten the manufacturing cycle and improve the standard parts internal and external quality, but also promoted the application of new materials. 4. Die mold manufacturing technology with modern design and manufacturing technology increased. With the puter technology development of applications, puteraided mold design and manufacturing (CAD / CAM) to mature, die design and manufacturing integration technology operation has been achieved. Computeraided design and manufacture not only improve the design speed, but also can shape the simulation, optimal design meter paramete