【正文】 4）土地的勞動群眾集體所有制具體采取的是農(nóng)民集體所有制的形式，該種所有制的土地被稱為農(nóng)民集體所有土地，簡稱集體土地。 6）農(nóng)村和城市郊區(qū)的土地有的屬于國家所有，有的屬于農(nóng)民集體所有；除法律規(guī)定屬于國家所有的除外，屬于農(nóng)民集體所有。關(guān)于鎮(zhèn)的土地所有權(quán)問題， 可以根據(jù)實際情況分別處理。 我國實行土地登記制度。屬于國有土地的，核發(fā)《國有土地使用證》；屬于集體土地的，核發(fā)《集體土地使用證》。除了國家核準(zhǔn)的劃撥土地以外，凡新增土地和原使用的土地改變用途或使用條件、進(jìn)行市場交易等，均實行有償有期限使用。根據(jù)土地利用總體規(guī)劃，將土地用途分為農(nóng)用地、建設(shè)用地和未利用土地。嚴(yán)格限制農(nóng)用地轉(zhuǎn)為建設(shè)用地，控制建設(shè)用地總量， 對耕地實行特殊保護(hù)。國家保護(hù)耕地，嚴(yán)格控制耕地轉(zhuǎn)為非耕地。 答： 建設(shè)概預(yù)算，包括初步設(shè)計概算和施工圖預(yù)算，都是確定擬建工程預(yù)期造價的文件。正如我國基本建設(shè)制度所規(guī)定的；“初步設(shè)計要有概算，施工圖設(shè)計要有預(yù)算，工程竣工 8 要有決算”，簡稱為“三算”。它是根據(jù)估算指標(biāo)、概算指標(biāo)等資料進(jìn)行編制的 投資估算的主要作用是： 1)它是國家或主管部門審批項目建議書，確立投資計劃的重要依據(jù)，因此是決策性質(zhì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)文件。 3)投資估算也可作為項目資金籌措及制定貸 款計劃的依據(jù)。 (二 )設(shè)計概算 設(shè)計概算是在初步設(shè)計或擴(kuò)大初步設(shè)計階段由設(shè)計單位以投資估算為目標(biāo)，根據(jù)初步設(shè)計或擴(kuò)大初步設(shè)計圖紙、概算定額或概算指標(biāo)、設(shè)備預(yù)算價格、各項費(fèi)用定額或取費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及建設(shè)地區(qū)的自然條件和技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件等資料，計算編制的建設(shè)項目費(fèi)用的文件。它的作用有： 1)設(shè)計概算是國家確定和控制基本建設(shè)投資額、編制基本建設(shè)計劃的依據(jù)，每 個建設(shè)項目只有在初步設(shè)計和概算文件被批準(zhǔn)之后，才能真正列入基本建設(shè)計劃，也才能進(jìn)行下一步的設(shè)計．如由于設(shè)計變更等原因，建設(shè)費(fèi)用超過原概算時，必須重新審查批準(zhǔn)。 3)它是實行建設(shè)項目投資大包干的依據(jù)，其包干指標(biāo)必須控制在設(shè)計概算額以內(nèi)。一般情況下修正概算不能超過原已批準(zhǔn)的概算投資額。 施工圖預(yù)算的主要作用是： 1)它是基本建設(shè)投資管理的具體文件。 2)它是施工單位與建設(shè)單位簽訂工程承包合同的依據(jù)，也是雙方進(jìn)行工程結(jié)算的依據(jù)。 4)它是施工企業(yè)加強(qiáng)經(jīng)營管理的基礎(chǔ)，企業(yè)可依據(jù)施工圖預(yù)算編制施工計劃，進(jìn)行施工準(zhǔn)備活動。施工圖預(yù)算一方面是建設(shè)單位編制標(biāo)底的依據(jù)，另一方面也是施工企業(yè)投標(biāo)報價的依據(jù)． (五 )施工預(yù)算 施工預(yù)算是施工單位在施工圖預(yù)算 (或承包合同價 )的控制下，根據(jù)施工圖紙、施工組織設(shè)計、施工定額 (或企業(yè)內(nèi)部消耗定額 )、施工現(xiàn)場條件等資料，考慮了工程的目標(biāo)利潤等因素，計算編制的單位工程 (或分部、分項工程 )所需的資源消耗量及其相應(yīng)費(fèi)用的文件． 施工預(yù)算是施工企業(yè)的內(nèi)部預(yù)算。 2)它是企業(yè)對內(nèi)部實行工程項目經(jīng)營目標(biāo)承包，進(jìn)行項目成本全面管理與核算的重要依據(jù) . 3)它是企業(yè)向班組推行限額用工、用料，并實行班組經(jīng)濟(jì)核算的依據(jù)。 (六 )工程結(jié)算 工程結(jié)算是在一個單項工程，單位工程、分部工程或分項工程完工，并經(jīng)建設(shè)單位及有關(guān)部門驗收后，由施工單位以 施工圖預(yù)算為依據(jù)，并根據(jù)設(shè)計變更通知書、現(xiàn)場簽證，預(yù)算定額材料預(yù)算價格和取費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及有關(guān)結(jié)算憑證等資料，按規(guī)定編制向建設(shè)單位辦理結(jié)算工程價款的文件． 工程結(jié)算一般有定期結(jié)算 (如按月結(jié)算 )、工程階段結(jié)算 (即按工程形象進(jìn)度結(jié)算 )和竣工結(jié)算等方式．竣工結(jié)算是反映工程全部造價的經(jīng)濟(jì)文件，施工單位以它為依據(jù)，向建設(shè)單位辦理最后的工程價款結(jié)算．竣工結(jié)算也是編制竣工決算的依據(jù)。它是基本建設(shè)項目實際投資額和投資效果的反映；是作為核定新增固定資產(chǎn)和流動資產(chǎn)價值，國家或主管部門驗收與交付使用的重要財務(wù)成本依據(jù)。它用于企業(yè)內(nèi)部進(jìn)行工程成本分析，核算預(yù)算成本、實際成本和成本降低額，作為反映經(jīng)營效果，總結(jié)經(jīng)驗以提高企業(yè)的經(jīng)營管理水平的手段。 答： (1)旁站 旁站，就是在工程施工過程中監(jiān)理人員對工程的重要環(huán)節(jié)或關(guān)鍵部位實施全過程的現(xiàn)場察看監(jiān)理。對承包人施工的隱蔽工程、重要工程部位、重要工 9 序及工藝，應(yīng)由監(jiān)理工程師或其助理人員實行全過程的旁站監(jiān)督，及時清除影響工程質(zhì)量的不利因素。開工前監(jiān)理人員要對施工放線進(jìn)行檢查，測量不合格不準(zhǔn)開工。 (3)試驗 試驗是監(jiān)理工程師確認(rèn)各種材料和工程部質(zhì)量的主要依據(jù)．工程施工過程中的每道工序，包括材料的性能、各種混合料的配比、成品的強(qiáng)度等都要有試驗數(shù)據(jù)，沒有試驗數(shù)據(jù)的工程一律不予驗收。監(jiān)理過程中，監(jiān)理工程師的各種指令都要有文字記載，并作為主要技術(shù)資料存檔，使各項事情處理有根有據(jù)。如質(zhì)量問題通知單、工作指令、工程變更令等，用以指出施工中各種問題，提請承包人注意，以達(dá)到控制之目的。通常情況下，工程項目總監(jiān)代表處為保證重點(diǎn)工程和關(guān)鍵工程的質(zhì)量，根據(jù)對各種報表、申請等分析結(jié)果，決定抽查密度。 (6)工序控制 工序控制是監(jiān)理工程師對施工質(zhì)量進(jìn)行有效控制的重要手段之一，必須按“質(zhì)量 控制程序流程”和前述的質(zhì)量控制的“四不準(zhǔn)”原則進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格控制，以確保工程質(zhì)量達(dá)到建設(shè)要求。s National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basketballs range in size from in (7276 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 1822 oz (510624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in men39。s ball is in (7274 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, position, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the ball39。s Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (18611939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the handeye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismith39。 the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the anization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players。s original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893。 Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900。 its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rulesetters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules mittees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rulemaking responsibilities for junior colleges, 10 colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar mittee holding jurisdiction over women39。s game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the men39。s game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional me