【正文】 量原則是在滿足規(guī)范要求的前提下盡可能利用老路。我們測量的做法是 :后視的人對完后視后，再到彎道處沿老路的彎道放 5~6個(gè)控制彎道半徑的點(diǎn)，讓全站儀記錄下點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)，這樣在內(nèi)業(yè) 處理導(dǎo)線時(shí)，到這些彎道處利用海地等路線設(shè)計(jì)軟件，通過調(diào)試半徑使得曲線盡可能多地通過這些點(diǎn)。 （ 5） 導(dǎo)線測量應(yīng)注意的問題 用全站儀配合打?qū)Ь€也有一些需要特別注意的地方，否則可能引起較大誤差甚至導(dǎo)致返工。在省道豫 48 線西峽境的導(dǎo)線測量中，由于初次使用坐標(biāo)法，儀器操作員將架站點(diǎn)和后視點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)輸反了，結(jié)果在電腦上展圖時(shí)才發(fā)現(xiàn)路線在這個(gè)位置折了 180176。 2）在可能的情況下，后視點(diǎn)離架點(diǎn)的距離越遠(yuǎn)越好，一般情況下，架站點(diǎn)與后視點(diǎn)之間的距離不應(yīng)小于架站至測點(diǎn)之間的距離，這樣可以保證測量精度。也就是說偏角少偏了 180176。 4）全站儀測高程有它的局限性，其測高程的誤差主要為豎直角觀測誤差、測距誤差、儀器高與棱鏡高量測誤差，而這 3種誤差中豎直角觀測誤差的影響最大，只能采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧﹣硖岣哂^測精度，如采用覘牌代替棱鏡作為照準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)、適當(dāng)增加測回?cái)?shù)、短距離傳遞高程、仔細(xì)量取儀器高和棱鏡高等。 14 全站儀在中線測量中的應(yīng)用 （ 1） 架站位置的選擇 盡量選擇那些地勢較高、通視條件好、可以看到更多中 線上點(diǎn)位的位置。特別是在山區(qū)，如一個(gè)山頭上的點(diǎn)可以看到周圍幾公里的中樁位置，而沿路線兩側(cè)架站往往需要好幾站才可以敷設(shè)完這段中線。 （ 2） 測點(diǎn)少時(shí)的處理 全站儀敷設(shè)中線遇到不通視時(shí)，在點(diǎn)少的情況下，應(yīng)采取儀器所能看到離所放點(diǎn)位置最近的點(diǎn)（一般不 是中線上的點(diǎn)）為參照物的方法處理。 （ 3） 全站儀測高程功能的應(yīng)用技巧 全站儀雖然測水準(zhǔn)程序比較煩瑣，而且精度不高，但有時(shí)候測高程的功能可有效發(fā)揮。我們的做法是：在山腳下選一 個(gè)比較固定的參考點(diǎn)，用全站儀讀出該點(diǎn)的 Z軸高程，隨后用全站儀在放山頭上這些中線點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，順便測出這些點(diǎn)的Z軸高程，可以算出這些點(diǎn)相對于山腳下參考點(diǎn)的高差，這樣用水準(zhǔn)儀測出該參考點(diǎn)的高程后，加上這些高差，便得到山頭下中線點(diǎn)的高程。 （ 4） 全站儀與其他測量方法的結(jié)合使用 中線測量用全站儀可提高測量速度，但由于自身的測量機(jī)理使得它的使用也有一定的局限性，如沒遇到不通視的時(shí)候往往需要搬站，特別是在平原測量，因?yàn)?一起搬站要15 耽誤很多時(shí)間，影響測量速度。我們在平原微丘地區(qū)，特別是直線段較多的地區(qū)，測量中線的方法是：全站儀只用來放控制點(diǎn)，即直接段每 300m放一個(gè)中線點(diǎn)，曲線段的中線點(diǎn)全部由全站儀放，直線段的點(diǎn)由 A、 B2 個(gè)人專門在中線組前面敷設(shè)，敷設(shè)后 A繼續(xù)往前面 300m放下一個(gè)中線點(diǎn)，留 B拿一根花桿給后面中線組當(dāng) “前視 ”，由中線組利用望遠(yuǎn)鏡、皮尺、花桿、對講機(jī)等工具來 “穿桿 ”，當(dāng)中線組到這個(gè)用全站儀放的中線點(diǎn)經(jīng) 2點(diǎn)復(fù)核合格后，前面 300mA 處的點(diǎn)也用全站儀對好了， B 到 A處立前視， A繼續(xù)往前走、這中間全站儀隨時(shí)可以通過對講機(jī)來復(fù)核中線組自己用 “穿桿法 ”放的點(diǎn)位。我們用這種方法在省道豫 23 線南陽市境鄧州至孟樓段（平原微丘區(qū)）二級公路改建工程的中線測量中，創(chuàng)出了一天敷設(shè) 10km的速度。在全站儀的使用過程中，都會(huì)有自己的心得體會(huì)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)技巧，如果 每一個(gè)使用者都能將自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)奉獻(xiàn)出來，對我們大家來說都將是一筆不小的財(cái)富。fold kok returned to make the work day has bee work with no avail 2) Where possible, after the point of view from the plane farther from the site as possible, under normal circumstances, after the two sites and between the point of view Put up a station should not be less than the distance to the distance between the measuring point, so to ensure accuracy. 3) In the measurement of coordinates do not bring down the mirror, because the whole point Miriam core essence of the coordinates of law or by the declination, the distance obtained internal calculation by the total station data processing modules are converted into coordinates, so bring down the mirror coordinate system is equivalent to rotating the whole 180176。, the result of course is wrong. 4) Total height measurement has its limitations, the measurement error of the main elevation of the observation error for the vertical angle, ranging error, apparatus, high With high measurement error of the prism, which is three kinds of errors in vertical angle observation the impact of the error the most, only to take appropriate measures to improve the accuracy of observation, such as the use of spy license allowed the goal to replace the prism as the appropriate measure to increase the number of shortdistance transmission of elevation, carefully check the amount of high equipment and higher prism. Under normal circumstances, traversing the measuring point in the elevation values for reference only, and can not be used as the standard of measurement. Station in the center line Measurement (1)put up a station in the location of choice 19 As far as possible to select those higher, depending on the conditions of a good pass, you can see more points in the online position. We have just started using Total Station, when not paid much attention to this point, the results tend to move off station More, not only affect the progress, but also accuracy. Especially in mountainous areas, such as on top of a mountain we can see a few kilometers around the location in the pile, and along both sides of the road often requires several stations put on a station can only be deposited end of this set up the center line. Another example is the middle of the mountains edge streamlet actinomycete line, as the horizontal alignment is often not ideal, many hills to block line of sight, always need to stop several times to move, if we choose to route the other side of the river the mountain. The ground floor or the roof of the residents do, such as the location for put up a station can be highly effective. (2) points fewer processing Total Station, as the barrier encountered by the laying of the center line, in the case of small points should be taken from the machines can see the most recent release Points (generally not in the line of points) for the reference approach. Routes in the mountains and the obstacles were more buildings, and sometimes moving equipment will take a 12 point move is often no longer the other stations. But with the mobile reference point and reference point for measuring a bination of methods, each has made to save time, effort, and the results meet the accuracy requirements. (3)Total Measurement Application of functional skills Although the level of total station measurements cumbersome procedures, and accuracy is not high, but sometimes the function of height can be measured effectively. As in Mountain edge streamlet line measurement of change, some routes in several midline point on the mountain, if measured by leveling to the elevation of these points, based on past experience, Level turn to the hilltop after two previous instruments Easily lead to error is too large, resulting in closure between the standard points. Our approach is: in the mountains at the foot of the election of a fixed reference point for parison, With total station read out the points of Zaxis height, and then release with Total Station in the midline point of these hills, when 20 they point the way to measure the Zaxis height can be calculated in relation to these points, the reference point the foot of the hill. The elevation, so that measured by leveling the height of the reference point, coupled with the height difference between them, they will have the hills on the center line of the elevation point of the mountain at the same time, the way to avoid leveling easily lead t