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Let39。I didn39。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如: ability能力,本領(lǐng) drive趕,駕駛 movement運(yùn)動(dòng),活動(dòng) ambition抱負(fù),野心 effort努力,嘗試 need需要,需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役,運(yùn)動(dòng) failure失敗,不及格 opportunity機(jī)會(huì) chance機(jī)會(huì) force力,壓力,要點(diǎn) promise許諾,希望 courage勇氣 intention意向,意圖 reason理由,原因 decision決定 method方法,方式 light光,光線,亮光determination決心,決定 motive動(dòng)機(jī),目的 struggle奮斗,努力,tendency傾向,趨勢 wish希望,愿望,祝愿5)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next,second, last, only和not a,the等限定詞時(shí)候,只能用不定式。John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農(nóng)活,約翰什么都愿意干。如: tend to dotendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true.他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。He is always the first to e and the last to leave. 他總是第一個(gè)到來,最后一個(gè)離去。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher.他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。例如:Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎?Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎? 5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for ,他去找父母幫忙。Given more attention, the trees could have grown ,它們本來會(huì)長得更好。(2)動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語時(shí),除了表示目的以外,還表示結(jié)果或原因。(原因)Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔細(xì)讀書時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。ll learn something new.只要你仔細(xì)閱讀,你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。(結(jié)果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個(gè)子不夠高,手伸不到書架。(原因)(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時(shí)候應(yīng)該注意的:a:not/never too?to, too?not to , but/only too? to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義b:做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾,常見的不定式動(dòng)詞有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。6.非謂語動(dòng)詞??嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)(1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。如:When to start has not been decided.何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。t know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(表語)I can tell you where to get this 。 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語,只能跟疑問詞(如:how, what)+不定式: While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有?,只能?”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)(but與不帶to的不定式 連用)。這類詞有: feel 覺得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺,感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the )另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞,如make, let,have等。I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。但是,如果謂語動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別有別的辦法。例如: I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。例如: It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。s+動(dòng)名詞。He dislikes his wife39。3)某些形容詞,如:careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the 。Seeing is 。It is no good 。It is a waste of time trying to explain.設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。It is expensive running this car.開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。1)現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)judging from / by?, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)動(dòng)詞原形: Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作連詞的分詞considering(考慮到,就?而言),providing / provided ?假如,supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞,后接that 從句。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系,通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語,從而依附于主句。其實(shí),雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),并不是真正的獨(dú)立,它還是一種從屬分句,在句中有多種作用。三、形式:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上有兩部分組成:第一部分有名詞或代詞擔(dān)任,第二部分由分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔(dān)任。四、舉例:There being nothing else to do, they gone ,他們離開了。表原因)Miss Wang e into the classroom, books in ,手里拿著書。(名詞+-ed。(名詞+副詞;表時(shí)間)Without a word more spoken, he picked up the ,他拾起那張紙。(名詞+不定式;表時(shí)間)五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語作狀語的異同:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句。例:⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.-→Time permitting,we’d better have a rest at this ,本周末我們最好休息一下。還應(yīng)該注意,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致,而是主句的其他成分。例:⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long ,用了我很長時(shí)間。(懸垂分詞)六、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同:有的分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在,在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語,實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語。frankly speaking。supposing等等。⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest ,她一定很誠實(shí)。這些短語有:to be honest。to tell you the truth。to be frank。例:⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my ,我在會(huì)上說的并不是我的意見。Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or , 你遲早一定會(huì)成功的。(seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he,注意是“主格”)= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a key to the bike lost, he had to walk to ,他只好步行去學(xué)校。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個(gè)從句或并列分句來表達(dá)。His mother to e tonight,he is busy preparing the ,他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。t afford any ,有這多的作業(yè)要批,我真的抽不出時(shí)間。t afford any time.)The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the ,每人翻譯全書的四分之一。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful.)B.ing形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”動(dòng)詞的ing形式作狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語一般應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致。(= As he was very ill, he went home.)Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a ,他開始看雜志。(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being ,主席開始開會(huì)。(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way)Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit ,他感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張。It being National Day today,the streets are very ,街上很擁擠。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went . 表示條件的ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Time permitting, we will have a piic next ,我們下星期將進(jìn)行一次野炊。(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句If my health allows)4. 表示方式的ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his ,每個(gè)人胸前都帶著一張卡。(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)C.ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”與邏輯主語+動(dòng)詞的ing形式一樣,如果ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話,就需要用ed形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。= As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read workers worked