【正文】 here must be different systems of kinship terms. Behind the vast differences between Chinese and English kinship terms are different social structures (hierarchy and equality), interpersonal relationships (power and solidarity) and value systems (collectivism and individualism) of two different cultures. Divisions of Kinship Terms Kinship term is a feature of Chinese culture and English culture. There are two mon points between English and Chinese kinship address terms: one is the quantities of both experience a process from more to less 。 英漢兩種語言在不同的歷史條件，和社會文化 下產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展，因此英漢稱謂也就難免體現(xiàn)各自語言賴 以生存、發(fā)展的社會文化背景和 不同語言的兩個民族人民的情感。恰當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的稱謂語可以大大促進(jìn)人際間的交往。每種語言和文化都擁有自己一套獨(dú)特的稱謂語系統(tǒng)。 social and cultural influence 第 III 頁 共 24 頁 淺析英漢稱謂語差異及其社會文化因素 摘 要 稱 謂語 在日常言語交際活動中彼此間當(dāng)面招呼對方時使用的名稱。 A Brief Study on the Differences and Cultural Factors of English and Chinese Address Term Written by: Zhai Wenjun Supervised by: Fang Qiang Foreign Languages Department of Wanjiang College Anhui Normal University April 2021 第 I 頁 共 24 頁 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me during the writing of this thesis. A special acknowledgement should be shown to Professor Fang, who from whose lectures I benefited greatly. I am particularly indebted to my dear classmates and the workers in our library who help me a lot to acplish this essay. I have e across a lot of problems during writing this essay. However Professor Fang and my friends have given me some valuable advice and courage, I gain a lot from them. So, I want to express my sincere thanks to those who help me. What’s more, I gain a good knowledge from some websites, so I want to send my sincere thanks to it and my Professor Fang. 第 II 頁 共 24 頁 A Brief Study on the Differences and Cultural Factors of English and Chinese Address Term Abstract Address term is a word or a bination of words people use in addressing each other in verbal munication. It shows the role people play in munication, suggesting interpersonal relationships between them. Every language and culture has its own system of address terms. Address terms are not only an identity of a person, but also cultural marks. An appropriate address form promotes interpersonal munication smoothly. English and Chinese address systems have obvious differences, which are rooted in different social and cultural backgrounds of their own. From intercultural point of view, this paper makes a parison between daily English and Chinese address term and analyses the social and cultural elements behind the differences on the basis of family structures, values and sense of hierarchy. Key Words: address term。 parison。作為言語交際活動中不可缺少的成分 ,它不僅反映交際雙方的諸多特征 ,如身份、年齡、職業(yè)等 ,同時也反映說話雙方彼此的關(guān)系 ,對對方的思想、情感、態(tài)度等 。稱謂語不僅是顯示一個人的身份同時也是文化在人們身上的烙印。 英漢稱謂語體系差異明顯 ,而這些差異是其植根于各自不同的社會文化背景。 該文從跨文化交際的觀點(diǎn)對日常稱謂系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行比較并分析以家庭結(jié)構(gòu)、價值觀念、等級概念為基礎(chǔ)的社會文化方面的差異性。 the other is that some basic address words have equal meanings in both languages, for instance, father, mother, son, daughter, husband and wife. Meanwhile, most of the address words have different forms in the two languages and such phenomenon reflects different social and cultural backgrounds of their own. The Difference by Patriarchal and NonPatriarchal Clans Generally speaking, patriarchal clan is regarded as the basic unit of Chinese traditional social structure. The fundamental frame of patriarchal clan is as follows: Terms such as uncle, aunt, grandpa, granny, sisters and brother are used as honorific titles for senior people or strangers. Native speakers of English would be puzzled if they are addressed in this way by people outside the immediate family. And also the kinship terms for both the paternal and maternal sides in Chinese culture are different. However, the English kinship terms, such as uncle, cousin, aunt, grandpa and 第 4 頁 共 24 頁 grandma have no difference between paternal and maternal sides. One of the most distinct features of Chinese kinship address forms is that patriarchal and nonpatriarchal clans are strictly distinguished, that is to say, various relationships are clearly reflected and not obscured with each other. For example, in China, 外 , a morpheme expressing nonpatriarchal clans, is usually used to address relatives on mother’s, sister’s or daughter’s side. According to Analytical Dictionary of Chinese Characters (說文解字 ), the original meaning of 外 in Chinese is far and away. The address customs, therefore, just adopted the extended meaning. Kinship terminology, in English, may be difficult to express because patriarchal and nonpatriarchal clans in addressing, order and position in the family are not classified clearly. The English kinship terms, such as uncle, cousin, aunt, grandpa and grandma have no differences between paternal and maternal sides. In china, terms such as uncle, aunt, grandpa, grandmother, sisters and brothers are used as honorific titles for senior people or strangers. And also the kinship terms for both the paternal and maternal sides in Chinese culture are different. Difference of Paternal and Maternal Kinship Terms Traditionally, China is a patriarchy society in its long history. Furthermore, Chinese moral principles focus on the Close and the Distant (親疏 ), the Inside and outside (內(nèi)外 ). Maternal relation is regarded as Distant (疏 ) and Outside (外 ), otherwise, paternal relation is regulated in the close (親 ) and the inside (內(nèi) ). People form other countries may feel confused and shocked about Chinese special manners and customs. An unbalanced phenomenon, therefore, widely exists in C