【正文】 rs. And also the kinship terms for both the paternal and maternal sides in Chinese culture are different. Difference of Paternal and Maternal Kinship Terms Traditionally, China is a patriarchy society in its long history. Furthermore, Chinese moral principles focus on the Close and the Distant (親疏 ), the Inside and outside (內(nèi)外 ). Maternal relation is regarded as Distant (疏 ) and Outside (外 ), otherwise, paternal relation is regulated in the close (親 ) and the inside (內(nèi) ). People form other countries may feel confused and shocked about Chinese special manners and customs. An unbalanced phenomenon, therefore, widely exists in Chinese address forms: the words of male kinship are more delicate than those female ones. For example, father’s elder brother (伯伯 ), father’s little brother (叔父 ), the former’s wife (伯母 ), the latter’s wife (嬸嬸 )。 me is me, no matter what the other person’s age, rank or position is. Historical Reasons The ancestor of British (AngloSaxon people), a nomadic nationality, came from mainland of NorthEurope. Although feudal clan had ever immerged during British merging with Ancient Roman, Dane and Germanic people, the clan was less solid than the Chinese one. British centralized state power, founded in 1066 by William I, was 1,200 years later than Qin Dynasty (the first feudal centralized state power in China). In the 17th century, when the first bourgeois revolution was broken in Britain, feudal clan was inflicted on heavy losses. So it is unnecessary to specify address forms because feudal clans had been got rid In Chinese address forms, the divisions of patriarchal and nonpatriarchal clans, blood relation and relation by marriage, elderyounger relation and seniority order in the clan, difference of paternal and maternal kinship terms reflect a basic feature of Han culture: clan. We know in solid and longterm patriarchal history, clan is the basic unit of the society structure which recorded history for 3,000 years. On the inscriptions on bones or tortoises shells of the Shang Dynasty, 祖 、 父、母、 妃、妾、兄、弟、夫、妻、婦、子、侄、孫 , were carved and most of the them are still used today. With the development of the patriarchal clan, the address forms are being pleted. Though feudal clans were hited in the 20th century of China, kinship terms play an important role in social relational municative . . 第 12 頁 共 24 頁 Concepts of Friendship Nowadays, the American Style friendship likes the Klenex Friendship, a kind of functional friendship. In this view, people have contempt for interpersonal relationships and focus on selfdevelopment through individual efforts. However, at home one relies on one’s parents and outside on friends 在家靠父母 , 出門靠朋友 is a general remark deeply rooted in the hearts of Chinese people. Such the thinking as all under heaven are of one family 天下一家 leads that all Chinese look the whole society as their family. Different Beliefs According to the natural law, conceit results in losses while modesty bring benefits (滿招損 , 謙受益 ), Li played a leading role in Ancient China. Modesty is not a virtue but also a key yardstick to measure one’s moral character. Like Chinese, people in Englishspeaking countries also obtain the principle of respecting others. In their views, respecting others in an impolite or arrogant way, he would meet with others’ brows and angry eyes and lose his dignity at the same time. On the other hand, there is a mind all men equal in front of God, they believe that God endow equal rights to each person and they can enjoy everything. Therefore, it is unnecessary to be selfdisapproval. 第 13 頁 共 24 頁 Chapter 4 Conclusion Chinese, a branch of SinoTibetan language system, and English, a branch of IndoEuropeanlanguage system reflect their culture separately. The differences between them, especially in address forms system are observed in the two languages. Namely, we must acknowledge them to benefit our external Chinese teaching, English teaching as a foreign language, as well as translation. Perhaps the most obvious point where social factors influence language is in the selection of address forms. Culture is the bination of material treasure and spiritual treasure created by human beings. Each nation has its language as well as its culture. In this view, then, language determines how speakers perceive and anize the world around them, both the natural world and the social world. By viewing the historical background of Chinese and English traditional cultures, a better understanding of why we address in a certain ways can be reached. As can be seen by the examples looked at, the differences between Chinese address term with the emphasis on hierarchy and the group and the relatively young culture of America with its emphasis on the individual do have an effect on how people municate. Conflict, misunderstandings and embarrassment can be avoided if people have an awareness of these differences in address term and therefore act appropriately. Both Chinese and American can then municate more effectively and fortably. 第 14 頁 共 24 頁 Works Cited Basic, Hatim, ed. Communication Across Cultures (Translation Theory and Contrastive Test Linguistics). Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press, 2021. Bao, Hhinan. Bao, Ang. [包惠南 ,包昂 ], 中國文化與漢英翻譯 . 北京 : 外文出版社 , 2021. Chang, Zonglin. [常宗林 ], 英漢 語言 文化學 . 中國海洋大學出版社 , 2021. Deng, Yanchang. [鄧炎昌 ], 語言與文化 [M]. 北京 : 外語教學與研究出版社 , 1995. Hu, Wenzhong. [胡文仲 ], 文化與 交際 [M]. 北京 : 外語教學與研究出版 ， 1994. Jia, Yuxin. [賈玉新 ], 跨文化交際學 . 上海 :上海教育出版社 ， 1997. Kong, Sha. [孔莎 ], Science amp。 4）對英漢稱謂語中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象進行簡要 研究狀況 ，有助于我們避開禁忌，在跨文化交際中有助于我們發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢。 語言是文化的載體 ,是反映文化的一面鏡子 ,因而不同文化由于歷史傳統(tǒng) ,民族心理等差異導(dǎo)致了稱謂語的不同。 其次，詳細闡釋英漢在親屬稱謂上所存在的異同點，稱謂受社會地位高低﹑ 職業(yè) 、 性 別 、 年齡等反面