【正文】 Not particularly vulnerable to equipment failures ? 設(shè)備不會太昂貴 Equipment used is less costly ? 可采用個人激勵機制 Possible to use individual incentive plans 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 30 工藝原則的缺點 Disadvantages of Process Layouts ? 制品庫存量較大 Inprocess inventory costs can be high ? 要經(jīng)常進行工藝路線選擇及安排 Challenging routing and scheduling ? 設(shè)備利用率低 Equipment utilization rates are low ? 物料運輸慢、效率低 Material handling slow and inefficient ? 工藝復雜化使監(jiān)督跨度減少 Complexities often reduce span of supervision ? 對每一產(chǎn)品或顧客需求都特別關(guān)注 Special attention for each product or customer ? 會計、庫存控制較復雜 Accounting and purchasing are more involved 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 31 固定位置布置 Fixed Position Layouts ? 混合布置 Fixed Position Layout: 加工對象保持固定，而工人、材料及設(shè)備需要轉(zhuǎn)移 Layout in which the product or project remains stationary, and workers, materials, and equipment are moved as needed. ? 產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì)決定了這種類型的布局 Nature of the product dictates this type of layout – 質(zhì)量 Weight – 尺寸 Size – 批量 Bulk ? 大型建設(shè)項目 Large construction projects 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 32 單元布置 Cellular Layouts ? 生產(chǎn)單元 Cellular Production –將工作分組，組的劃分是有一系列相似零件所需要的運營決定 Layout in which machines are grouped into a cell that can process items that have similar processing requirements ? 成組技術(shù) Group Technology –按相似工藝特征分組，保證生產(chǎn)效率 The grouping into part families of items with similar design or manufacturing characteristics 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 33 比較 A Comparison 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 34 Group Technology Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3 Machine 4 Machine 5 Materials in Finished goods out 一個工人多臺機器 One Worker, Multiple Machines 成組技術(shù) Group Technology 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 36 Parts Families Group Technology Drilling D D D D Grinding G G G G G G Milling M M M M M M Assembly A A A A Lathing Receiving and shipping L L L L L L L L Group Technology (a) Jumbled flows in a job shop without GT cells Drilling D D D D Grinding G G G G G G Milling M M M M M M Assembly A A A A Lathing Receiving and shipping L L L L L L L L Group Technology (a) Jumbled flows in a job shop without GT cells Drilling D D D D Grinding G G G G G G Milling M M M M M M Assembly A A A A Lathing Receiving and shipping L L L L L L L L Group Technology (a) Jumbled flows in a job shop without GT cells Drilling D D D D Grinding G G G G G G Milling M M M M M M Assembly A A A A Lathing Receiving and shipping L L L L L L L L Group Technology (b) Line flows in a job shop with three GT cells Cell 3 L M G G Cell 1 Cell 2 Assembly area A A L M D L L M Shipping D Receiving G Group Technology (b) Line flows in a job shop with three GT cells Cell 3 L M G G Cell 1 Cell 2 Assembly area A A L M D L L M Shipping D Receiving G Group Technology (b) Line flows in a job shop with three GT cells Cell 3 L M G G Cell 1 Cell 2 Assembly area A A L M D L L M Shipping D Receiving G Group Technology (b) Line flows in a job shop with three GT cells Cell 3 L M G G Cell 1 Cell 2 Assembly area A A L M D L L M Shipping D Receiving G 工藝原則布置與單元布置的比較 Functional vs. Cellular Layouts 方面 Dimension 工藝原則 Functional 單元式 Cellular 部門之間移動次數(shù) Number of moves between departments 很多 many 很少 few 移動距離 Travel distances 較長 longer 較短 shorter 移動路線 Travel paths 變化 variable 固定 fixed 加工等待時間 Job waiting times 較長 greater 較短 shorter 加工時間 Throughput time 較長 higher 較短 lower 在制品數(shù)量 Amount of work in process 較大 higher 較小 lower 管理難度 Supervision difficulty 較大 higher 較小 lower 排程復雜性 Scheduling plexity 較大 higher 較小 lower 設(shè)備利用率 Equipment utilization 較低 lower 較高 higher 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 45 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 46 提綱 Outline ? 工藝選擇 Process selection: – 工藝類型 Process Type – 產(chǎn)品工藝矩陣 ProductionProcess Matrix ? 設(shè)施布置 Facility layout: – 布置的類型 Layout types – 產(chǎn)品原則布置：生產(chǎn)線平衡 Product layout: Linebalancing problems – 工藝原則布置：各部門間的工作流量 Process layout: Interdepartmental Work Flows – 工藝原則布置：系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計 Process layout: Systematic Layout Planning – 服務(wù)布置 Service Layout 產(chǎn)品布置：生產(chǎn)線平衡 Design Product Layouts: Line Balancing 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 47 生產(chǎn)線平衡決定如何將作業(yè)分配到工作地，使分到各工作地的作業(yè)所需要的時間大致相等。一般每個工作地只有一個工人來完成所有作業(yè)。 ? 生產(chǎn)線平衡的目標，是在技術(shù)以及產(chǎn)量的約束下，使生產(chǎn)線的閑置時間最少，效率最高。 Cycle time is the maximum time allowed at each workstation to plete its set of tasks on a unit. 產(chǎn)量 Determine Maximum Output 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 50 DOT = timecyc le = CTrat eou tpu t Desire d = Ddayper timeop erati ng OTCTOT = rat eOutp ut 節(jié)拍預期產(chǎn)量每日運轉(zhuǎn)時間產(chǎn)出率?工作地數(shù)的理論最小值 Determine the Minimum Number of Workstations Required 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 51 tas k t imeof sum = tCT t)( = N各作業(yè)時間總和??節(jié)拍和產(chǎn)量 Example: Cycle time and Output tate 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 52 作業(yè) 緊后作業(yè) 作業(yè)時間 /分鐘 a b b e c d d f e f f g g h h Total Example 2023/3/15 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 53 c d a b e f g h OT=480 minutes/day, D=400 /day, CT= minutes maxmin??CTCTmin ) (48 0day per ho urs 8 Sup posem inm ax????Capa ci tyCapa ci ty:400 iscapacit y planned theIf??CT :places work ofnumb er minimal The m in ???N生產(chǎn)線平衡算法 ? 1. 確定節(jié)拍，求出最少所需的工作地數(shù) ? 1開始，按順序給工作地分配作業(yè)。每個工作地的初始剩余時間為節(jié)拍。 ? 5.