【正文】
對于定序變量,可計算其眾數(shù)、中位數(shù),但不能進(jìn)行加、減、乘、除等運算。 對于定距變量,除了計算其眾數(shù)、中位數(shù)、均數(shù)外,還可進(jìn)行加減運算,但相乘或除卻沒有意義,因為這類尺度的零點是人為規(guī)定的。 三、不同測量方法的比較營銷研究中常用的測量技術(shù)通常可分為兩大類: 比較性方法 根據(jù)不同對象的比較獲得某一特征的相對值 非比較方法 對每一對象進(jìn)行獨立測量 例:對可口可樂和百事可樂口味偏好的測量mostmethodtasteisparison.consumeraskedsampledifferentandthewithmosttaste.testdoneprivateaofresponsesconsideredadequateAtasteforsoftwhereselfperceptionbrandareimportantinconsumer’sdecision,notaindicatorperformancetheTheofCokethisNewwasfavoredpairedtasteitswasthanbecauseplaysmajorinpurchaseCoke.pairedtastePaired Comparison Scaling 同意 比較同意 一般 較不同意不同意我相信中國的政策不會變 1 2 3 4 5現(xiàn)實的政策對廣大百姓有利 1 2 3 4 5有錢是第一位 1 2 3 4 5改革只使少數(shù)人富起來了 1 2 3 4 5它將線段式中間的每一個點由文字變成數(shù)字,并且將線段的最邊上的兩個端點用兩個反義詞代替。一級方程旅館的價值曲線四、測量誤差由于概念的定義、界定、指標(biāo)選擇和實際測量方面的誤差,導(dǎo)致變量測量值和真實值之間的差距叫測量誤差(measurement error)。測量值、真實值和測量誤差XO=XT+ES +ER WHERE: XT=TRUE SCORE, XO=OBSERVED SCORE ES=SYSTEMATIC ERROR, ER=RANDON ERROR ES +ER =TOTAL ERROR When a measure is VALID, ES+ER= 0, XT=XO When a measure is RELIABLE, ER=0, XT=XO+ES測量誤差的來源1) Other relatively stable characteristics of the individual that influence the test score, such as intelligence, social desirability, and education. 2) Shortterm or transient personal factors, such as health, emotions, fatigue. 3) Situational factors, such as the presence of other people, noise, and distractions. 4) Sampling of items included in the scale: addition, deletion, or changes in the scale items. 5) Lack of clarity of the scale, including the instructions or the items themselves. 6) Mechanical factors, such as poor printing, overcrowding items in the questionnaire, and