【正文】 ensions of your hands and feet. Try to bine two or more tools into one. 2023/9/26 36 SMT Training for Productivity Various types of charts ? Used as record techniques ? Outline process charts: ? Overview of a process with graphical representation. ? Show principal operations (○ ) and inspections (□ ). ? Assist in the plant layout design, design of product, or machinery processes. 2023/9/26 37 SMT Training for Productivity Various types of charts ? Flow process chart: ? Activities of men, material or equipment. ? Two or more subjects can be presented alongside each other to show their interdependence. ? Activities are divided by 5 functions, operation (○ ), transport (?), storage (?), delay (D), inspection (□ ). ? Only the activities of particular subject, either man, material, or equipment, are recorded on a single chart. 2023/9/26 38 SMT Training for Productivity ? Example, Flow process chart: Inspecting and marking ining parts (original method) 2023/9/26 39 SMT Training for Productivity ? Example, Flow process chart: Inspecting and marking ining parts (improved method) 2023/9/26 40 SMT Training for Productivity Various types of charts ? Towhanded process chart: ? Useful in showing idle time by either hand. ? Activities of a worker’s two hands. ? Simultaneous movements by both hands appear opposite each other. ? Description of the activities represented by the symbols should be inserted. 2023/9/26 41 SMT Training for Productivity ? Example, Twohanded process chart: Cutting glass tubes (original method) 2023/9/26 42 SMT Training for Productivity ? Example, Twohanded process chart: Cutting glass tubes (improved method) 2023/9/26 43 SMT Training for Productivity Various types of charts ? Multiple activity charts: ? Consider on the activities of a subject in relation to one or more others. ? Show up clearly ineffective time within the process. ? Useful in finding the best sequence of carrying out the various parts of the work. ? Operation / machine chart shows the interrelationship of the operator and the machine. 2023/9/26 44 SMT Training for Productivity ? Example, Multiple activity chart – worker and machine: Finish mill casting (original method) 2023/9/26 45 SMT Training for Productivity ? Example, Multiple activity chart – worker and machine: Finish mill casting (improved method) 2023/9/26 46 SMT Training for Productivity Time Study ? Most mon technique for setting time standards. ? Useful for repetitive work. ? Provide standard rate of working. ? A means of assessing the amount of rest that should be associated with the job. 2023/9/26 47 SMT Training for Productivity Time Study: Procedures 1. Select the job to study. 2. Collect information about the job. 3. Divide the job into elements. 4. Do the actual time study. 5. Extend the time study. 6. Determine the number of cycles to be timed. 7. Rate, level, and normalize the operator’s performance. 8. Apply allowances. 9. Check logic. 10. Publish the time standard. 2023/9/26 48 SMT Training for Productivity Time Study: Focus Points ? Extend the time study ? Calculate average observed time. ? Determine performance rating. ? Calculate normal time: Normal Time = average observed time x performance rating ? Find out frequency (how many times a task is performed within a time period). ? Calculate unit normal time. 2023/9/26 49 SMT Training for Productivity Time Study: Focus Points ? Determine the number of cycles ? N = number of cycles ? R = range of the sample of observations (in minutes) ? A = required precision (+/ 5% or 10%) ? d2 = statistical constant ( for 95% confidence level) ? x = average time (in minutes) 2023/9/26 50 SMT Training for Productivity Time Study: Focus Points ? Performance rating ? Rating is the process of adjusting the time taken by an individual operator to what could be expected from a normal operator. ? Four major factors: skill, consistency, working conditions, and effort. ? Effort is the most important. ? Effort is the operator’s spee