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MC AC AVC MCAC時(shí), AC上升, MCAC時(shí), AC下降, MC=AC時(shí), AC最小 。隨著雇工人數(shù)增加,給定設(shè)備和廠房面積等固定投入條件,會(huì)出現(xiàn) “ 窩工 ” 現(xiàn)象,勞動(dòng)邊際產(chǎn)出遞減規(guī)律發(fā)生作用,勞動(dòng)邊際產(chǎn)出下降。 ? 在可變投入包含不止一個(gè)投入要素時(shí),只要整個(gè)可變投入邊際產(chǎn)出發(fā)生先升后降的情況,也會(huì)出現(xiàn)先降后升的 U型邊際成本曲線?!?長(zhǎng)期 ” 和 “ 短期 ” 是經(jīng)濟(jì)分析方法中兩個(gè)重要概念。不同行業(yè)不同企業(yè)的 “ 長(zhǎng)期 ” 對(duì)應(yīng)的具體時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度有顯著差別。為了提高盈利,大眾汽車公司提出了一項(xiàng)削減成本計(jì)劃。 ( 2)大眾最重要的一個(gè)決定就是增加在中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的投資額。這些投入將用于產(chǎn)品和營(yíng)銷兩個(gè)方面,而主要的投資將用于新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)和投放。 長(zhǎng)期成本 –假定 ? 兩種投入 : Labor (L) capital (K) ? 勞動(dòng)工資率 (w) and 資本租金率 (r) 由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性市場(chǎng)決定 長(zhǎng)期成本 – 成本決定模型 ? C = wL + rK ? 等成本線 Isocost: 同樣成本購(gòu)買 L K 的組合 長(zhǎng)期成本 – Rewriting C as linear: ? K = C/r (w/r)L ? Slope of the isocost: ? ?rwLK ????在最小成本下的產(chǎn)出 Labor per year Capital per year 在最小成本下的產(chǎn)出 Labor per year Capital per year C0 CO C1 C2 are three isocost lines 在最小成本下的產(chǎn)出 Labor per year Capital per year C0 C1 CO C1 C2 are three isocost lines 在最小成本下的產(chǎn)出 Labor per year Capital per year CO C1 C2 are three isocost lines C0 C1 C2 在最小成本下的產(chǎn)出 Labor per year Capital per year Q1 is an isoquant for output Q1. Isocost curve C0 shows not bination of K and L can produce Q1 at this cost level. C0 C1 C2 Q1 在最小成本下的產(chǎn)出 Labor per year Capital per year Isocost C2 shows quantity Q1 can be produced with bination K2L2 or K3L3. However, both of these are higher cost binations than K1L1. C0 C1 C2 K1 L1 K3 L3 K2 L2 A Q1 成本支出 C2 雖然能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn) Q1 ,但其成本 高于 K1L1組合所對(duì)應(yīng)的成本 在最小成本下的產(chǎn)出 Labor per year Capital per year Isocost C1 shows quantity Q1 can be produced with bination K1L1.. This is the low cost bination because it is tangent to Q1. C0 C1 C2 K1 L1 A Q1 投入價(jià)格變化時(shí)投入替代 Labor per year Capital per year C1 K1 L1 If the price of labor changes, the isocost curve bees steeper due to the change in the slope (w/L). A Q1 投入價(jià)格變化時(shí)投入替代 Labor per year Capital per year C1 K1 L1 This yields a new bination of K and L to produce Q1. Combination B is used in place of bination A. The new bination represents the higher cost of labor relative to capital and therefore capital is substituted for labor. K2 L2 C2 A B Q1 rwLK ????? lineisocost of Slope長(zhǎng)期成本 KLMPMP MRTS ???? LKrwMPMPKL ?? and長(zhǎng)期成本 ? 最小的成本組合可表示為 : rwKLMPMP?當(dāng)要素組合達(dá)到最低成本組合狀態(tài)時(shí),必須滿足在 每種要素上的最后一元支出所獲得的邊際產(chǎn)量相等。 – 替代程度越大,企業(yè)的支出越少。 擴(kuò)展線 Labor per year Capital per year The first step in drawing a firm’s expansion path is to calculate the costminimizing input quantities for each output level and resulting cost. 擴(kuò)展線 Next, locate the tangency of the isocost line with each isoquant. Labor per year Capital per year A 擴(kuò)展線 Next, locate the tangency of the isocost line with each isoquant. Labor per year Capital per year A B 擴(kuò)展線 Next, locate the tangency of the isocost line with each isoquant. Labor per year Capital per year A B C 擴(kuò)展線 Next, locate the tangency of the isocost line with each isoquant. Labor per year Capital per year A B C D 擴(kuò)展線 Next, locate the tangency of the isocost line with each isoquant. Labor per year Capital per year A B C D E 擴(kuò)展線 Labor per year Capital per year A B C D E Expansion Path The expansion path illustrates the leastcost binations of labor and capital that can be used to produce each level of output in the longrun. 短期固定性 Labor per year Capital per year Q1 L1 B K1 Begin with Q1 and isocost AB which yields K1L1. 短期固定性 Labor per year Q1 L1 Q2 A B P K1 Assume K is fixed (shortrun) and output is increased to Q2. Combination K1L3 would have to be used on isocost EF. Capital per year F E L3 短期固定性 Labor per year Capital per year Q1 K2 L1 Q2 A B L2 D F C E K1 If K is flexible (longrun), isocost line CD is used yielding bination K2L2. CD is a lower cost level than EF. In the longrun, the firm substitutes cheaper K for L. 短期固定性 Labor per year Capital per year Q1 K2 L1 Expansion Path Q2 A B L2 D F C E K1 The longrun expansion path is drawn as before.. 長(zhǎng)期平均曲線 (LAC) – 固定規(guī)模報(bào)酬 ? 如果投入加倍,產(chǎn)出加倍,而平均成本固定 長(zhǎng)期與短期成本曲線 ? 長(zhǎng)期平均成本 (LAC) – 遞增規(guī)模報(bào)酬 ? If input is doubled, output will more than double and average cost decreases at all levels of ,產(chǎn)量增加一倍以上,各種產(chǎn)量水平下的平均成本將會(huì)遞減。 長(zhǎng)期與短期成本曲線 ? (LAC) – 長(zhǎng)期 : ? 廠商經(jīng)歷遞增與遞減的規(guī)模報(bào)酬的過(guò)程,因而長(zhǎng)期平均成本曲線是 “ U‖ 型 長(zhǎng)期與短期成本曲線 ? (LAC) – 長(zhǎng)期邊際成本與長(zhǎng)期平均成本 ? If LMC LAC, LAC 下降 ? If LMC LAC, LAC 上升 ? 因此 , LMC = LAC 處于 LAC最低點(diǎn) 長(zhǎng)期平均成本與邊際成本 Output Cost ($ per unit of output 長(zhǎng)期平均成本與邊際成本 Output Cost ($ per unit of output LMC 長(zhǎng)期平均成本與邊際成本 Output Cost ($ per unit of output LMC LAC 短期成本與長(zhǎng)期成本關(guān)系 ? 可以利用短期與長(zhǎng)期成本來(lái)決定廠商最優(yōu)規(guī)模 固定規(guī)模報(bào)酬的長(zhǎng)期成本 ? 觀察 – 最優(yōu)的規(guī)模決定于預(yù)期的產(chǎn)出 (. Q1 選擇 SAC1,etc). – 長(zhǎng)期平均成本是短期平均成本曲線的包絡(luò)( envelope ) 固定規(guī)模報(bào)酬的長(zhǎng)期成本