【正文】 ed Standards Committee X12 (ASC X12).在 1979年， ANSI制定一個新的子委員會來制定統(tǒng)一的 EDI標準，該委員會稱為公認標準委員會 (ASC X12).? In 1987, the United Nations published its first standards under the title “EDI for Administration, Commerce, and Transport (EDIFACT or UN/EDIFACT)”.1987年，聯(lián)合國以 “管理、商務和運輸 ”的 EDI名義公布了第一個標準22 ValueAdded Networks增值網? EDI reduces paper flow and streamlines the interchange of information among departments within a pany and between panies.EDI減少了紙面單證的流動，使公司內部各部門之間以及公司之間的信息交換更為順暢。23Direct Connection Between Trading Partners貿易伙伴間的直接連接方式? Direct connection EDI requires each business in the work to operate its own onsite EDI translator puter.直接連接 EDI要求網絡上每個企業(yè)都運行自己的 EDI翻譯計算機。如下圖所示： 24Direct Connection Between Trading Partners25Indirect Connection Between Trading Partners貿易伙伴間的間接連接方式? Instead of connecting directly to each of its trading partners, a pany might decide to use the services of a valueadded work.除了與貿易伙伴直接連接外，企業(yè)還可以通過增值網與貿易伙伴間接連接。26Indirect Connection Between Trading Partners27VAN 增值網? Companies that provide VAN services include General Electric Information Services, GPAS, Harbinger Corp., IBM Global Services, etc.提供增值網服務的公司有： General Electric Information Services, GPAS, Harbinger Corp., IBM Global Services, etc.? Cost is an issue to VAN. Most VANs require an enrollment fee, a monthly maintenance fee, and a transaction fee.? VAN的一個問題是成本太高。28 EDI on the Inter互聯(lián)網上的 EDI? Trading partners who had been using EDI began to view the Inter as a potential replacement for the expensive leased lines.隨著互聯(lián)網的出現(xiàn)，那些原來采用 EDI的貿易伙伴開始考慮用互聯(lián)網替代昂貴的專線和撥號連接? The major roadblock to conducting EDI over the Inter was security.在互聯(lián)網上進行 EDI的主要障礙是互聯(lián)網的安全性較差? As the TCP/IP was enhanced and SHTTP protocol was developed, businesses worried less about security issues.? 隨著互聯(lián)網的 TCP/IP基礎結構用 SHTTP等安全協(xié)議和多種加密技術增強之后，企業(yè)對互聯(lián)網安全問題的擔心減少了，但還沒有完全消除。? EDI on the Inter is also called “open EDI” because the Inter is an open architecture work.互聯(lián)網的體系結構是開放的，所以互聯(lián)網 EDI也稱為開放式 EDI? New tools, such as XML, are helping trading partners be even more flexible in exchanging detailed information.? XML等新工具可以使貿易伙伴間的信息交換更加開放靈活30 Financial EDI金融 EDI? The EDI transaction sets that provide instructions to a trading partner’s bank are called financial EDI (FEDI).向貿易伙伴的銀行發(fā)出指令的 EDI報文標準稱為金融 EDI? All banks have the ability to perform electronic funds transfers (EFTs).所有銀行都可以進行電子資金轉帳 (EFTs).? Most EFTs are handled through the Automated Clearing House (ACH).美國大部分的 EFTs都是通過自動清算所 (ACH)完成的? Security and reliability are issues of FEDI.? FEDI的問題是安全性和可靠性31Hybrid EDI Solutions混合的 EDI解決方案? Some firms are offering hybrid EDI solutions that use the Inter for part of the transaction.一些企業(yè)提供混合的 EDI解決方案，即通過互聯(lián)網完成部分交易活動? Bottomline Technologies’ payBase package is an example of hybrid EDI. Bottomline技術公司提供的 payBase軟件包就是混合的 EDI的實例。32 Supply Chain Management供應鏈管理? The part of an industry value chain that precedes a particular strategic business unit is often called a supply chain.某個戰(zhàn)略業(yè)務單元之前的行業(yè)價值鏈通常稱為價值鏈? A pany’s supply chain for a particular product or service includes all the activities undertaken by every predecessor in the value chain to design, produce, promote, market, deliver, and support each individual ponent. 企業(yè)產品或服務的供應鏈包括價值鏈上的各種經營者所開展的設計、生產、促銷、銷售、運輸和支持等活動。33 Value Creation in the Supply Chain供應鏈中的價值創(chuàng)造? The process of taking an active role in working with suppliers to improve products and processes is called supply chain management (SCM).主動同供應商合作來改進產品和業(yè)務流程的過程稱為供應鏈管理? SCM was originally developed as a way to reduce costs.? 供應鏈管理最初的目標是降低成本34Value Creation in the Supply Chain供應鏈中的價值創(chuàng)造? Today, SCM is used to add value in the form of benefits to the ultimate consumer at the end of the supply chain.現(xiàn)在，供應鏈管理的目標是為供應鏈末端的最終用戶提供更多的價值。39Technology in the Supply Chain供應鏈技術? Dell Computer has also used technologyenabled SCM to give customers exactly what they want.戴爾公司也采用技術支持的供應鏈管理手段向客戶準確提供所需產品? Dell has been able to dramatically reduce the amount of inventory it must hold.戴爾公司通過掌握更多的市場信息，大幅度降低了庫存信息。 40Using Technology to Create an Ultimate Consumer Orientation建立消費者導向? One of the main goals of supply chain management is to help each pany in the chain focus on meeting the needs of the consumer who is at the end of the supply chain.供應鏈管理的一個主要目標是幫助供應鏈上的每家公司專注于滿足供應鏈末端的消費者的需求? Since Inter technologies are tools that improve munications at a very low cost, they are ideal