【正文】 Inter? 電子數(shù)據(jù)交換 (EDI)及其工作原理 。7Purchasing Activities采購活動8Purchasing Activities采購活動? Products that panies buy on a recurring basis are called maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supplies.很多企業(yè)經(jīng)常性地采購的那些間接物料稱為 MRO產(chǎn)品? （辦公用品集中采購）? Two of the largest MRO suppliers in the world are McMasterCarr and . Grainger. McMasterCarr公司 and . Grainger公司是世界上最大的 MRO供應(yīng)商。13 EGovernment電子政務(wù)? Although governments do not typically sell products or services to customers, they do perform many functions for their stakeholders.雖然政府并不向客戶銷售產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，但他們要為利益相關(guān)者執(zhí)行許多職能。 however, it can include other information related to transactions, such as price quotes and orderstatus inquiries.所交換的業(yè)務(wù)信息通常是交易數(shù)據(jù)，但也包括同交易有關(guān)的其他信息，如報價和訂單狀態(tài)等。? These EDI translator puters are then connected directly to each other using modems and dialup phone lines or dedicated leased lines.這些 EDI翻譯計(jì)算機(jī)通過調(diào)制解調(diào)器以及撥號電話線或?qū)＞€直接連接。? Other hybrid solutions include EDIHTML translation services.? 其他混合的 EDI解決方案包括提供 EDIHTML翻譯服務(wù)。41 Building and Maintaining Trustin the Supply Chain建立與維系供應(yīng)鏈的信任? The major issue that most panies must deal with in forming supply chain alliances is developing trust.對大多數(shù)企業(yè)來說，建立供應(yīng)聯(lián)盟的主要問題是建立彼此間的信任關(guān)系? Continual munication and information sharing are key elements in building trust.持續(xù)的溝通和信息共享是建立信任的主要手段? Vendors are finding that the Web gives them an opportunity to stay in contact with their customers more easily and less expensively.? 供應(yīng)商發(fā)現(xiàn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為自己提供了同客戶進(jìn)行方便、低成本溝通的機(jī)會。? The home page of , which peted directly with Ventro in the bulk chemicals market, appears in Figure 512.? 下圖所示為目前還在運(yùn)營的散裝化學(xué)品行業(yè)集市 的主頁46Industry Marketplaces行業(yè)集市47Industry Marketplaces行業(yè)集市? The number of new entrants into these businesses grew rapidly during the next two years.接下來的兩年進(jìn)入這些行業(yè)的很多公司快速成長? By mid2023, there were more than 2200 independent exchanges in a wide variety of industries.到 2023年中期，大約有 2200家各行各業(yè)的第三方交易中心。? These panies can invest in procurement software.這些公司能在采購軟件商投資。55? Define direct materials and indirect materials. Why would a large pany have two separate departments to manage the purchasing of each?? Large panies need to keep such different items separate, since one (direct materials) is related to the creation and sale of the goods or services, while the indirect materials include the nonproduction departments (accounting, research, IT, etc.) Most indirect materials departments are considered a drain on profits.56? Which industries were the first to establish standard EDI transaction sets? State why, in your opinion, these industries were more interested in setting standards than other industries.? The freight and shipping panies were the first, because they had the most paperwork to cover。? As marketplace software became more reliable, many of these panies developed private pany marketplaces.? 隨著電子集市軟件的逐漸可靠，這些公司開始建立專屬電子集市。48 Private Stores and Customer Portals專門店鋪與客戶門戶? As established panies in various industries watched new businesses open marketplaces, they became concerned that these independent operators would take control of transactions away from them in supply chains.各行業(yè)的公司都在關(guān)心著這些新建的公共電子集市，擔(dān)心這些電子集市會從他們手里奪取供應(yīng)鏈交易的控制權(quán)，而這是他們花了多年才取得的。43Electronic Marketplaces and Portals電子集市與門戶? Because these hubs would offer a doorway to the Inter for industry members and would be vertically integrated, these planned enterprises were called vertical portals or vortals.由于這些交易中心為本行業(yè)成員提供了網(wǎng)上門戶和垂直集成，這些企業(yè)也被稱為垂直門戶。? The purchasing department has traditionally been charged with buying all these ponents at the lowest price possible. ? 傳統(tǒng)意義上，采購部門負(fù)責(zé)以可能低的價格購買所有零件，而忽略了供應(yīng)鏈的總成本。? A valueadded work (VAN) is a pany that provides the munications equipment, software, and skills needed to receive, store, and forward electronic messages that contain EDI transaction sets.? 增值網(wǎng)是指一個企業(yè)提供接收、存儲和發(fā)送電子信息（包括 EDI報文）所需的通信設(shè)備、軟件和技術(shù)。20 Early Business Information Interchange Efforts早期的業(yè)務(wù)信息交換? In the 1950s, information flows between businesses continued to be printed on paper.在 20世紀(jì) 50年代，企業(yè)間的信息流還是記錄在紙面上。 for example, they employ people, buy supplies from vendors, and distribute benefit payments of many kinds.政府也會進(jìn)行類似企業(yè)的活動，如雇傭員工、采購用品、發(fā)放工資和福利。? Businesses have been increasing their use of information technology to achieve this objective.企業(yè)是通過加強(qiáng)信息技術(shù)的應(yīng)用來實(shí)現(xiàn)這個目標(biāo)。Chapter 5BusinesstoBusiness Strategies: From Electronic Data Interchange to Electronic Commerce企業(yè)間電子商務(wù)戰(zhàn)略 (B2B)從 EDI到電子商務(wù)1電子商務(wù) VS傳統(tǒng)商務(wù)傳統(tǒng)商務(wù)B2B C2C