【正文】 引進(jìn)是從錨桿和噴混凝土一類“主動(dòng)型”的新型支護(hù)技術(shù)的推廣使用開始的。在國內(nèi)舉行的隧道及地下工程學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上，新奧經(jīng)常成為熱門話題。 修建在砂夾礫石松散地層中的北京地鐵復(fù)興門折返段隧道就是一個(gè)典型的例子。隧道采用部份斷面掘進(jìn)機(jī)開挖，格柵拱加強(qiáng)的噴混凝土初期支護(hù)以及小導(dǎo)管預(yù)支護(hù)，在不影響地面交通，確保地下管線安全的情況下修建成功。在中國，這種方法稱之為“淺埋礦山法”。 在修建位于長(zhǎng)安街下的北京地鐵新線工程時(shí) ,淺埋礦山法被選擇為主要的施工方法。 廣州地鐵東段也是采用淺埋礦山法修建的。 中國工程師從歐洲引進(jìn)了新奧法，并且結(jié)合中國的情況對(duì)新奧法及其相關(guān)技術(shù)，諸如支擴(kuò)手段，量測(cè)和監(jiān)控技術(shù)等作了進(jìn)一步的開發(fā)。同國際上的情況一樣，為了解決長(zhǎng)期以來困擾著人們的粉塵污染環(huán)境，回彈嚴(yán)重以及混凝土品質(zhì)的不均勻性等問題，正在大力推行濕噴工藝。因此機(jī)器結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，使用方便。 可以毫不夸張地說，新奧法的推行確實(shí)引起了礦山法修建技術(shù)在開挖方法、施工技術(shù)乃至于隧道設(shè)計(jì)思想方面的重大變革。在諸多工程中也不乏失敗的實(shí)例。 對(duì)于“新奧法”一詞的內(nèi)涵，人們的認(rèn)識(shí)有一個(gè)發(fā)展的過程。但后來發(fā)現(xiàn)，將新奧法拘泥于一種特定的施工方法或具體的支護(hù)技術(shù)將會(huì)使其推行受到很大的局限。闡明這一點(diǎn)，有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。我本人經(jīng)歷過一個(gè)軟弱圍巖中的特淺埋隧道施工，在使用新奧 法的過程中曾發(fā)生坍通地表的大坍塌。 那么，什么是新奧法概念的內(nèi)涵？有人歸結(jié)為 22 條，有人歸結(jié)為 7條。從這樣一個(gè)原則出發(fā)，可以根據(jù)隧道工程具體條件靈活地選擇開挖方法、爆破技術(shù)、支護(hù)形式、支護(hù)施作時(shí)機(jī)和輔助工法。其目的都是為了“保護(hù)圍巖，調(diào) 動(dòng)和發(fā)揮圍巖的自承能力。s problems. Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems. A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional load relaxation theory. Its core content is : a stable rock selfstability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe39。 The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the deformation of the rock mass. （ 3） . In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to bee a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration. （ 4） . Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the daytoday. 河南理工大學(xué)本科設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)論文 15 （ 5） . To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the followup to load, use posite lining. （ 6） . Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security. NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight. 3． With a spring to understand the principle NATM （ 1） . Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress selfrespect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under pression in a state of equilibrium. （ 2） . Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of the poor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium. （ 3） . By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium。 (2) when u ↑, PE ↓。 (3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe. 4. Points （ 1） . Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials. （ 2） . Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground. （ 3） . Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system. II. The new Austrian highway construction in the basic method NATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the economy and so on. The author of mitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a new highway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips. 1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and