【正文】 for doing sth2=penalize(因sth2 而用sth1來懲罰sb) Inflict + 刑罰的名稱 （施加…懲罰） corporal punishment(體罰) =chastisement capital punishment(死刑，形象的理解為“斷頭刑”) 批評/訓(xùn)斥/責(zé)備：criticize reprimand scold condemn chastise castigate blame reproach sb with/by sth1 for (doing) sth2. reproach oneself(自責(zé)) criticism() rebuke(n./v.) censure(n./v.) call sb off(口語常用) denounce儀器/設(shè)備/裝置：instrument(儀器) appliance（儀器/設(shè)備） apparatus(儀器) device(設(shè)備) equipment(裝置/設(shè)備) facility(設(shè)備) installation(設(shè)備，還有名詞安裝的意思)延長（空間上）/推遲（時間上）/耽誤：prolong （doing） sth(時間) stretch（空間） elongate(空間 fml)Protract(時間) sb be held up in…/hold sb up in(耽誤) delay(耽誤，推遲) postpone(推遲) extend(空間)Defer(推遲) put off(推遲) lengthen(時間或空間) temporize(時間) respite（時間）認(rèn)出/識別出/區(qū)分/不同：identify(識別) distinguish（區(qū)分） spot(發(fā)現(xiàn)/認(rèn)出) tell sth1 from sth2(區(qū)分)Differentiate(區(qū)分) tell apart(區(qū)分) make a distinction between A and B(區(qū)分 A和B) be different/distinct/dissimilar from …(與..不同) disparate(不同) diverse(多樣的) variant(不同的) sth vary from person/individual to person/individual(sth 因人而異) differ(v.) from(不同)分開/分離/隔離/離開：separate set apart(分開，留出) depart from…(從…離開) leave for…(離開去…)Isolate(隔離，孤立) split(sth) into…(分裂成…/把sth分離) split from/with sb=break off=part(v.) from sb (與sb分手/絕交) divide sth into （將sth 劃分為） sever(斷絕) part sb from sb(隔離) separately（分別做…【不能用respectively,respectively表示各自是多少。核心動詞：，認(rèn)為think,hold,argue,concede,assert,deem,consider,believe,maitain,2深思熟慮，仔細(xì)考慮ponder,deliberate,meditate,teplate,reflectcultivate,foster,nurture,nourish，鞏固 strengthen,sonsolidate,reinforce, ，表明 manifest, display,show,reveal,present,suggest,demonstrate,indicate,illustrate,reflect，證實(shí) verify, confirm, establish,affirm，宣稱 declare,claim,allege,assert,state，維護(hù),擁護(hù) support,maitain,uphold,approve,advocate,champion oppose,be against,disagree,disapprove,object to(問題，麻煩) solve,tackle,bat,address,resovle,cope with,settle，引發(fā)，引起 give rise to,trigger,spark,lead to,bring about,result in,，提議 suggest,remend,urge,propose,advise,put forward,，阻礙,限制 prevt, deter,jeopardize,restrain，confine (to),restrict,refrain,limit have effect on, affect,influence,have an impact on,sway，發(fā)展，提高 increase,rise,develop,enhance,improve,advance,upgrade,raise,facilitate,boost,promote，減少 decrease,decline,fall,drop,slump，完成fulfil,realize,achieve,acplish,attain，給予 supply,provide,perform…for,offer,yield。（百分比） take up,amount to,account for,reach20．適應(yīng)adjust to, adapt to, get accustomed to,condition.. on，責(zé)怪condemn,blame,criticize,reprimand,reproach,censure,denounce,accuse..of,charge..with，監(jiān)督，指導(dǎo) supervise,monitor,instruct,oversee,govern,regulate,direct,administer，實(shí)施，執(zhí)行 implement,issue,carry out,apply to，駁斥 dispute,debate,refute,argue,contradict,oppose 核心名詞：，主張,提議 idea,belief,assertion,proposition,suggestion,remendation hypothesis,assumption,presumption，理論，措施 way,method,means,process,approach,theory,measure,制度，條例 policy,regulation,rule,law rate,ratio,proportion,percentage,share,protion，均衡，和諧 banlance,equilibrium,harmony,，麻煩，爭端，沖突 issue,problem,conflict,contrast,clash,contradiction,opposition,controversy ,contention,contest，狀況，現(xiàn)狀 circumstance,state,condition,situation,status quo，現(xiàn)象 incident,fact,event,occurrence,phenomenon，結(jié)果 consequence,result,oute,influence,cause and effect(因果關(guān)系),side/aftereffect(副作用)，不和，差異 difference,dispute,debate,distinction，好處 advantages,virtues,merits,boons,benefit，不利，阻礙 disadvantage,flaws,demerits,banes,handicap,burden,obstruction,obstacle,青年 teenager,juvenile,adolescent,youngster,youth,the print media(印刷媒體),the electronic media(電子媒體),the press(新聞界),media hype(媒體炒作) control,grip,master,domination,government,rule,monopoly(壟斷)，儲藏 conservation,reserve,preservation，開銷expense,cost,expenditure,payment,outlay,toll,consumption,disbursement，改良 reform,improvement,evolution，危機(jī) crisis,threat,menace核心形容詞： staggering,incredible,astounding,amazing,astonishing,surprising,stunning,alarming,shocking，卓越的，顯著的 remarkable,marvelous,striking,wonderful,notable,extraordinary，重大的,決定性的 important,significant,main,major,foremost,predominant,crucial,critical,urgent,pivotal decisive,vital devastating,ruinous,destructive,damaging，很多的，大量的 numerous,various,myriad,a great many of, a great deal of，多樣的，有分歧的 divergent,variant,varying,diverse,distinct，強(qiáng)有力的 powerful,mighty,forceful補(bǔ)充整理：絕不：by no means under no circumstances in no case on no occasion考慮：take???into consideration account think about make allowance(s) for sth由于/因?yàn)椋篿nsomuch as ??? because for the reason /occasion that result from as??? since now that in that be owed to be attributed to be ascribed to arise from/out of ??? by occasion of sth影響：exert a profound/farreaching impact on就我而言： so/as far as I am concerned as far as my knowledge is concerned就???而言：As far as ???is concerned In terms of??? In case of???別無選擇我，只能??? ： have no alternative but???眾所周知：It is universally acknowledged that??? It is well known to all that ??? As is wellknown to all,???只有??才能??? ： Only by doing???could sb do???大： bigimmensetitanic=vast=gigantic=tremendous=enormous正如常言所說：（just）as the saying/proverb goes ...一定會：be bound /determined /guaranteed/certain to do掌握： have a grasp /mand of sth正在：be under way=be on the point /course of =be about to=be on the verge of聽說：hear of sth變得驚慌：get into a panic取得進(jìn)展：make progress in doing sth advance in step forwards課程：pulsary/selective subject 必修課/選修課婉轉(zhuǎn)的說：to put it mildly對???的癮：addiction to接觸: reach out to / have access to… be exposed to expose sb to..樹立??的榜樣：cultivate the ???example for sb即??? ：namely有/承擔(dān)???的義務(wù)：assume the responsibility of shoulder be respo