【正文】 are two kinds of allegory: those that use personifications, as in Bunyan?s Pilgrim’s Progress and Spenser?s The Faerie Queene。 and those that use a special kind of symbolism, as in Dante?s Divine Comedy. 2. Blank verse. Blank verse is unrhymed poetry, typically in iambic pentameter, and, as such, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid16th century. Blank verse is not wirtten in stanza form. Instead, the poem is developed in verse paragraphs that vary in length. Blank verse is a flexible form of expression that gives the poet a choice of many variations within the metrical pattern. Because of its flexibility, blank verse is especially appropriate for narrative and dramatic poetry and other longer kinds of poetry. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, adapted blank verse from Italian poetry to English in the early 1500?s. Christopher Marlowe and Shakespeare used this form with great power and variety in their plays. Many poets of the 1800?s and 1900?s wrote in blank verse. They include William Wordsworth, Wiliam Cullen Bryant, John Keats, Lord Tennyson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Robert Frost, and Wallace Stevens. 3. Humanism. Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elementsor as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectivelyiin particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture that acpanied the Renaissance. 4. Metaphysical. It refers to the school of poets that appeared in the Revolutionary period in England by using quite unconventional and often surprising conceits。 cultually it was a time of brillant acplishment in scholarship, literature, science, and the arts. More generally, it was an era of emerging nationstates and exploration, and the beginning of a revolution in merce. It is best to 文學(xué)青年 2班 英國文學(xué)史及選讀 主講教師：曹小雪 2 regard the Renaissance as the result of a new emphasis upon and a new bination of tendencies and attitudes already existing, stimulated by a series of historical events. The new humanistic learning that resulted from the rediscovery of classical literature is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side. The influence of the Renaissance on future generations was to prove immense in many fields from art and literature to education, political science, and history. For centuries, most scholars have agreed that the modern ear of human history began with the Renaissance. 6. Son. It is a basic lyric form, consisting of 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in various patterns. The Italian or Petrarchan son is divided clearly into octave and sestet, the first rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. In late 16thcentury England, sons were written either independently as short epigrammatic forms, or grouped in son sequences, . collections of upwards of a hundred poems, in imitation of Petrarch, purportedly addressed to one central figure or muse a lady usually with a symbolic name like “Stella” or “Idea”. Milton made a new kind of use of the Petrarchan form, and the Romantic poets continued in the Miltonic tradition. Several variations have been devised, including the addtion of “trails” or extra lines, or the recasting into 16 lines, instead of 14. Exercises A. Multiplechoice question 1. Which of the following in NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renassance? A. Exaltation of man?s pursuit of happiness in this life. B. Cultivation of the genuine flavor of ancient culture. C. Tolerance of human foibles. D. Praise of man?s effforts in having